释放 Python 的潜力：面向全球开发者的 `functools` 高级装饰器

            from functools import lru_cache

@lru_cache(maxsize=128)
def expensive_computation(x, y):
    """A function that simulates an expensive computation."""
    print(f"Performing expensive computation for {x}, {y}...")
    # Simulate some heavy work, e.g., network request, complex math
    return x * y + x / 2

            

              
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            @lru_cache(maxsize=32)
def fibonacci(n):
    if n < 2:
        return n
    return fibonacci(n-1) + fibonacci(n-2)

print(fibonacci(10))
print(fibonacci.cache_info())
fibonacci.cache_clear()
print(fibonacci.cache_info())

            

              
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            import requests
from functools import lru_cache

@lru_cache(maxsize=10)
def get_exchange_rate(base_currency, target_currency):
    """Fetches the latest exchange rate from an external API."""
    # In a real-world app, handle API keys, error handling, etc.
    api_url = f"https://api.example.com/rates?base={base_currency}&target={target_currency}"
    try:
        response = requests.get(api_url, timeout=5) # Set a timeout
        response.raise_for_status() # Raise HTTPError for bad responses (4xx or 5xx)
        data = response.json()
        return data['rate']
    except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
        print(f"Error fetching exchange rate: {e}")
        return None

# User in Europe requests EUR to USD rate
europe_user_rate = get_exchange_rate('EUR', 'USD')
print(f"EUR to USD: {europe_user_rate}")

# User in Asia requests EUR to USD rate
asian_user_rate = get_exchange_rate('EUR', 'USD') # This will hit the cache if within maxsize
print(f"EUR to USD (cached): {asian_user_rate}")

# User in Americas requests USD to EUR rate
americas_user_rate = get_exchange_rate('USD', 'EUR')
print(f"USD to EUR: {americas_user_rate}")

            

              
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            from functools import singledispatch

@singledispatch
def format_data(data):
    """Default implementation: formats data as a string."""
    return str(data)

@format_data.register(int)
def _(data):
    """Formats integers with commas for thousands separation."""
    return "{:,.0f}".format(data)

@format_data.register(float)
def _(data):
    """Formats floats with two decimal places."""
    return "{:.2f}".format(data)

@format_data.register(list)
def _(data):
    """Formats lists by joining elements with a pipe '|'."""
    return " | ".join(map(str, data))

            

              
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            from functools import singledispatch
from datetime import datetime

@singledispatch
def process_input(value):
    """Default processing: log unknown types."""
    print(f"Logging unknown input type: {type(value).__name__} - {value}")
    return None

@process_input.register(str)
def _(value):
    """Processes strings, assuming they might be dates or simple text."""
    try:
        # Attempt to parse as ISO format date
        return datetime.fromisoformat(value.replace('Z', '+00:00'))
    except ValueError:
        # If not a date, return as is (or perform other text processing)
        return value.strip()

@process_input.register(int)
def _(value):
    """Processes integers, assuming they are valid product IDs."""
    if value < 100000: # Arbitrary validation for example
        print(f"Warning: Potentially invalid product ID: {value}")
    return f"PID-{value:06d}" # Formats as PID-000001

@process_input.register(tuple)
def _(value):
    """Processes tuples, assuming they are geographical coordinates (lat, lon)."""
    if len(value) == 2 and all(isinstance(coord, (int, float)) for coord in value):
        return {'latitude': value[0], 'longitude': value[1]}
    else:
        print(f"Warning: Invalid coordinate tuple format: {value}")
        return None

# --- Example Usage for a global audience --- 

# User in Japan submits a timestamp string
input1 = "2023-10-27T10:00:00Z"
processed1 = process_input(input1)
print(f"Input: {input1}, Processed: {processed1}")

# User in the US submits a product ID
input2 = 12345
processed2 = process_input(input2)
print(f"Input: {input2}, Processed: {processed2}")

# User in Brazil submits geographical coordinates
input3 = ( -23.5505, -46.6333 )
processed3 = process_input(input3)
print(f"Input: {input3}, Processed: {processed3}")

# User in Australia submits a simple text string
input4 = "Sydney Office"
processed4 = process_input(input4)
print(f"Input: {input4}, Processed: {processed4}")

# Some other type
input5 = [1, 2, 3]
processed5 = process_input(input5)
print(f"Input: {input5}, Processed: {processed5}")

            

              
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            def simple_logging_decorator(func):
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        print(f"Calling function: {func.__name__}")
        result = func(*args, **kwargs)
        print(f"Finished function: {func.__name__}")
        return result
    return wrapper

@simple_logging_decorator
def greet(name):
    """Greets a person."""
    return f"Hello, {name}!"

print(f"Function name: {greet.__name__}")
print(f"Function docstring: {greet.__doc__}")
print(greet("World"))

            

              
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            from functools import wraps

def robust_logging_decorator(func):
    @wraps(func) # Apply wraps to the wrapper function
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        print(f"Calling function: {func.__name__}")
        result = func(*args, **kwargs)
        print(f"Finished function: {func.__name__}")
        return result
    return wrapper

@robust_logging_decorator
def greet_properly(name):
    """Greets a person (properly decorated)."""
    return f"Hello, {name}!"

print(f"Function name: {greet_properly.__name__}")
print(f"Function docstring: {greet_properly.__doc__}")
print(greet_properly("World Again"))

            

              
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            Function name: greet_properly
Function docstring: Greets a person (properly decorated).
Calling function: greet_properly
Finished function: greet_properly
Hello, World Again!

            

              
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            from functools import wraps

def require_admin_role(func):
    @wraps(func)
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        # In a real app, this would check user roles from session/token
        is_admin = kwargs.get('user_role') == 'admin'
        if not is_admin:
            raise PermissionError("Admin role required")
        return func(*args, **kwargs)
    return wrapper

@require_admin_role
def delete_user(user_id, user_role=None):
    """Deletes a user from the system. Requires admin privileges."""
    print(f"Deleting user {user_id}...")
    # Actual deletion logic here
    return True

# --- Example Usage --- 

# Simulating a request from an admin user
try:
    delete_user(101, user_role='admin')
except PermissionError as e:
    print(e)

# Simulating a request from a regular user
try:
    delete_user(102, user_role='user')
except PermissionError as e:
    print(e)

# Inspecting the decorated function
print(f"Function name: {delete_user.__name__}")
print(f"Function docstring: {delete_user.__doc__}")

# Note: __annotations__ would also be preserved if present on the original function.

            

              
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            from functools import lru_cache, wraps

def cached_and_logged(maxsize=128):
    def decorator(func):
        @wraps(func)
        @lru_cache(maxsize=maxsize)
        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
            # Note: Logging inside lru_cache might be tricky
            # as it only runs on cache misses. For consistent logging,
            # it's often better to log outside the cached part or rely on cache_info.
            print(f"(Cache miss/run) Executing: {func.__name__} with args {args}, kwargs {kwargs}")
            return func(*args, **kwargs)
        return wrapper
    return decorator

@cached_and_logged(maxsize=4)
def complex_calculation(a, b):
    """Performs a simulated complex calculation."""
    print(f"  - Performing calculation for {a}+{b}...")
    return a + b * 2

print(f"Call 1: {complex_calculation(1, 2)}") # Cache miss
print(f"Call 2: {complex_calculation(1, 2)}") # Cache hit
print(f"Call 3: {complex_calculation(3, 4)}") # Cache miss
print(f"Call 4: {complex_calculation(1, 2)}") # Cache hit
print(f"Call 5: {complex_calculation(5, 6)}") # Cache miss, may evict (1,2) or (3,4)

print(f"Function name: {complex_calculation.__name__}")
print(f"Function docstring: {complex_calculation.__doc__}")
print(f"Cache info: {complex_calculation.cache_info()}")

            

              
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