解锁聚合：精通 Functools 的 reduce() 以实现强大的操作

            functools.reduce(function, iterable[, initializer])
            

              
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            import functools

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
initial_value = 10

# Summing with an initializer
result = functools.reduce(lambda x, y: x + y, numbers, initial_value)
print(result)  # Output: 25 (10 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5)

            

              
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            import functools

feedback_data = [
    {'score': 85, 'region': 'Europe'},
    {'score': 92, 'region': 'Asia'},
    {'score': 78, 'region': 'North America'},
    {'score': 88, 'region': 'Europe'},
    {'score': 95, 'region': 'Asia'},
]

def aggregate_scores(accumulator, item):
    total_score = accumulator['total_score'] + item['score']
    count = accumulator['count'] + 1
    return {'total_score': total_score, 'count': count}

initial_accumulator = {'total_score': 0, 'count': 0}

aggregated_result = functools.reduce(aggregate_scores, feedback_data, initial_accumulator)

average_score = aggregated_result['total_score'] / aggregated_result['count'] if aggregated_result['count'] > 0 else 0

print(f"Overall average score: {average_score:.2f}")
# Expected Output: Overall average score: 87.60

            

              
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            import functools

customers = [
    {'name': 'Alice', 'country': 'USA'},
    {'name': 'Bob', 'country': 'Canada'},
    {'name': 'Charlie', 'country': 'USA'},
    {'name': 'David', 'country': 'Germany'},
    {'name': 'Eve', 'country': 'Canada'},
]

def unique_countries(country_set, customer):
    country_set.add(customer['country'])
    return country_set

# We use a set as the initial value for automatic uniqueness
all_countries = functools.reduce(unique_countries, customers, set())

print(f"Unique countries represented: {sorted(list(all_countries))}")
# Expected Output: Unique countries represented: ['Canada', 'Germany', 'USA']

            

              
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            import functools

weather_stations = [
    {'location': 'London', 'temperature': 15},
    {'location': 'Tokyo', 'temperature': 28},
    {'location': 'New York', 'temperature': 22},
    {'location': 'Sydney', 'temperature': 31},
    {'location': 'Cairo', 'temperature': 35},
]

def find_max_temperature(current_max, station):
    return max(current_max, station['temperature'])

# It's crucial to provide a sensible initial value, often the temperature of the first station
# or a known minimum possible temperature to ensure correctness.
# If the list is guaranteed to be non-empty, you can omit the initializer and it will use the first element.

if weather_stations:
    max_temp = functools.reduce(find_max_temperature, weather_stations)
    print(f"Highest temperature recorded: {max_temp}°C")
else:
    print("No weather data available.")

# Expected Output: Highest temperature recorded: 35°C

            

              
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            import functools

product_listings = [
    {'region': 'EU', 'product': 'WidgetA'},
    {'region': 'Asia', 'product': 'GadgetB'},
    {'region': 'NA', 'product': 'WidgetA'},
    {'region': 'EU', 'product': 'ThingamajigC'},
]

def concatenate_products(current_string, listing):
    # Avoid adding duplicate product names if already present
    if listing['product'] not in current_string:
        if current_string:
            return current_string + ", " + listing['product']
        else:
            return listing['product']
    return current_string

# Start with an empty string.
all_products_string = functools.reduce(concatenate_products, product_listings, "")

print(f"Available products: {all_products_string}")
# Expected Output: Available products: WidgetA, GadgetB, ThingamajigC

            

              
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            import functools

user_data = [
    {'user_id': 101, 'country': 'Brazil'},
    {'user_id': 102, 'country': 'India'},
    {'user_id': 103, 'country': 'Brazil'},
    {'user_id': 104, 'country': 'Australia'},
    {'user_id': 105, 'country': 'India'},
    {'user_id': 106, 'country': 'Brazil'},
]

def count_by_country(country_counts, user):
    country = user['country']
    country_counts[country] = country_counts.get(country, 0) + 1
    return country_counts

# Use a dictionary as the accumulator to store counts for each country
user_counts = functools.reduce(count_by_country, user_data, {})

print("User counts by country:")
for country, count in user_counts.items():
    print(f"- {country}: {count}")

# Expected Output:
# User counts by country:
# - Brazil: 3
# - India: 2
# - Australia: 1

            

              
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            import functools

currency_data = [
    ('USA', 'USD'),
    ('Canada', 'CAD'),
    ('Germany', 'EUR'),
    ('Australia', 'AUD'),
    ('Canada', 'CAD'), # Duplicate entry to test robustness
]

def merge_currency_map(currency_map, item):
    country, code = item
    # If a country appears multiple times, we might choose to keep the first, last, or raise an error.
    # Here, we simply overwrite, keeping the last seen code for a country.
    currency_map[country] = code
    return currency_map

# Start with an empty dictionary.
global_currency_map = functools.reduce(merge_currency_map, currency_data, {})

print("Global currency mapping:")
for country, code in global_currency_map.items():
    print(f"- {country}: {code}")

# Expected Output:
# Global currency mapping:
# - USA: USD
# - Canada: CAD
# - Germany: EUR
# - Australia: AUD

            

              
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import functools

data_points = [
    {'id': 1, 'region': 'RegionX', 'value': 150},
    {'id': 2, 'region': 'RegionY', 'value': 200},
    {'id': 3, 'region': 'RegionX', 'value': 80},
    {'id': 4, 'region': 'RegionX', 'value': 120},
    {'id': 5, 'region': 'RegionZ', 'value': 50},
]

def conditional_sum(accumulator, item):
    if item['region'] == 'RegionX' and item['value'] > 100:
        return accumulator + item['value']
    return accumulator

# Start with 0 as the initial sum.
conditional_total = functools.reduce(conditional_sum, data_points, 0)

print(f"Sum of values from RegionX above 100: {conditional_total}")
# Expected Output: Sum of values from RegionX above 100: 270 (150 + 120)

            

              
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            # Using a loop (often more readable for beginners)
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
total = 0
for num in numbers:
    total += num

# Using functools.reduce() (more concise)
import functools
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
total = functools.reduce(lambda x, y: x + y, numbers)

            

              
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            # Recommended for simple sums:
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
total = sum(numbers)

# functools.reduce() also works, but sum() is more direct
# import functools
# total = functools.reduce(lambda x, y: x + y, numbers)

            

              
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