Python 机器人技术：精通电机控制与传感器集成

            # Import the RPi.GPIO library
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
import time

# Define the GPIO pins for motor control
motor_enable = 18  # Enable pin
motor_forward = 23 # Forward direction pin
motor_backward = 24 # Backward direction pin

# Set GPIO numbering mode
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)

# Set up the GPIO pins as outputs
GPIO.setup(motor_enable, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(motor_forward, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(motor_backward, GPIO.OUT)

# Function to control the motor direction
def move_motor(direction):
 if direction == "forward":
 GPIO.output(motor_forward, GPIO.HIGH)
 GPIO.output(motor_backward, GPIO.LOW)
 elif direction == "backward":
 GPIO.output(motor_forward, GPIO.LOW)
 GPIO.output(motor_backward, GPIO.HIGH)
 else:
 GPIO.output(motor_forward, GPIO.LOW)
 GPIO.output(motor_backward, GPIO.LOW)

# Enable the motor
GPIO.output(motor_enable, GPIO.HIGH)

# Move the motor forward for 2 seconds
move_motor("forward")
time.sleep(2)

# Move the motor backward for 2 seconds
move_motor("backward")
time.sleep(2)

# Stop the motor
move_motor("stop")

# Disable the motor
GPIO.output(motor_enable, GPIO.LOW)

# Clean up GPIO settings
GPIO.cleanup()

            

              
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            class PID:
 def __init__(self, Kp, Ki, Kd, setpoint):
 self.Kp = Kp
 self.Ki = Ki
 self.Kd = Kd
 self.setpoint = setpoint
 self.previous_error = 0
 self.integral = 0

 def compute(self, feedback_value):
 error = self.setpoint - feedback_value

 self.integral += error
 derivative = error - self.previous_error

 output = self.Kp * error + self.Ki * self.integral + self.Kd * derivative

 self.previous_error = error
 return output

# Example usage:
pid_controller = PID(Kp=0.1, Ki=0.01, Kd=0.01, setpoint=100)
current_speed = 50  # Replace with actual sensor reading

output = pid_controller.compute(current_speed)
print(f"PID Output: {output}")

            

              
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            import smbus
import time

# MPU6050 Registers
PWR_MGMT_1 = 0x6B
SMPLRT_DIV = 0x19
CONFIG = 0x1A
GYRO_CONFIG = 0x1B
INT_ENABLE = 0x38
ACCEL_XOUT_H = 0x3B
ACCEL_YOUT_H = 0x3D
ACCEL_ZOUT_H = 0x3F
GYRO_XOUT_H = 0x43
GYRO_YOUT_H = 0x45
GYRO_ZOUT_H = 0x47

# I2C Address of the MPU6050
MPU6050_ADDR = 0x68

# Initialize I2C bus
bus = smbus.SMBus(1) # Use 1 for Raspberry Pi 2 and later

# Wake up the MPU6050
bus.write_byte_data(MPU6050_ADDR, PWR_MGMT_1, 0)

# Function to read accelerometer data
def read_accel_data():
 accel_x = read_word_2c(ACCEL_XOUT_H)
 accel_y = read_word_2c(ACCEL_YOUT_H)
 accel_z = read_word_2c(ACCEL_ZOUT_H)
 return accel_x, accel_y, accel_z

# Function to read gyroscope data
def read_gyro_data():
 gyro_x = read_word_2c(GYRO_XOUT_H)
 gyro_y = read_word_2c(GYRO_YOUT_H)
 gyro_z = read_word_2c(GYRO_ZOUT_H)
 return gyro_x, gyro_y, gyro_z

# Function to read a word (2 bytes) from the MPU6050
def read_word_2c(register):
 high = bus.read_byte_data(MPU6050_ADDR, register)
 low = bus.read_byte_data(MPU6050_ADDR, register + 1)
 value = (high << 8) + low
 if value >= 0x8000:
 return -((65535 - value) + 1)
 else:
 return value

# Main loop
try:
 while True:
 accel_x, accel_y, accel_z = read_accel_data()
 gyro_x, gyro_y, gyro_z = read_gyro_data()

 print(f"Accel X: {accel_x}, Accel Y: {accel_y}, Accel Z: {accel_z}")
 print(f"Gyro X: {gyro_x}, Gyro Y: {gyro_y}, Gyro Z: {gyro_z}")

 time.sleep(0.1)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
 print("\nExiting...")

            

              
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            #!/usr/bin/env python
import rospy
from std_msgs.msg import String

def talker():
 pub = rospy.Publisher('chatter', String, queue_size=10)
 rospy.init_node('talker', anonymous=True)
 rate = rospy.Rate(10) # 10 Hz
 while not rospy.is_shutdown():
 hello_str = "hello world %s" % rospy.get_time()
 rospy.loginfo(hello_str)
 pub.publish(hello_str)
 rate.sleep()

if __name__ == '__main__':
 try:
 talker()
 except rospy.ROSInterruptException:
 pass

            

              
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