图形编程：深入探讨 OpenGL Python 绑定

            pip install PyOpenGL PyOpenGL_accelerate
            

              
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            from OpenGL.GL import *
from OpenGL.GLUT import *
from OpenGL.GLU import *

def display():
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
    glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES)
    glColor3f(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)  # Red
    glVertex3f(0.0, 1.0, 0.0)
    glColor3f(0.0, 1.0, 0.0)  # Green
    glVertex3f(-1.0, -1.0, 0.0)
    glColor3f(0.0, 0.0, 1.0)  # Blue
    glVertex3f(1.0, -1.0, 0.0)
    glEnd()
    glutSwapBuffers()

def reshape(width, height):
    glViewport(0, 0, width, height)
    glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION)
    glLoadIdentity()
    gluPerspective(45.0, float(width)/float(height), 0.1, 100.0)
    glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW)
    glLoadIdentity()
    gluLookAt(0.0, 0.0, 3.0,
              0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
              0.0, 1.0, 0.0)

def main():
    glutInit()
    glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_RGBA | GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_DEPTH)
    glutInitWindowSize(800, 600)
    glutCreateWindow("OpenGL Triangle")

    glutDisplayFunc(display)
    glutReshapeFunc(reshape)

    glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0)
    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST)

    glutMainLoop()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
            

              
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            from OpenGL.GL import *
from OpenGL.GL.shaders import compileProgram, compileShader

vertex_shader_source = """#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;

uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 projection;

void main()
{
    gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(aPos, 1.0);
}"""

fragment_shader_source = """#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;
uniform vec3 color;
void main()
{
    FragColor = vec4(color, 1.0f);
}"""

def compile_shader(shader_type, source):
    shader = compileShader(source, shader_type)
    if not glGetShaderiv(shader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS):
        infoLog = glGetShaderInfoLog(shader)
        raise RuntimeError('Shader compilation failed: %s' % infoLog)
    return shader

def create_program(vertex_shader_source, fragment_shader_source):
    vertex_shader = compile_shader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, vertex_shader_source)
    fragment_shader = compile_shader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, fragment_shader_source)
    program = compileProgram(vertex_shader, fragment_shader)
    glDeleteShader(vertex_shader)
    glDeleteShader(fragment_shader)
    return program

# Example Usage (within the display function):

def display():
    # ... OpenGL setup ...

    shader_program = create_program(vertex_shader_source, fragment_shader_source)
    glUseProgram(shader_program)

    # Set uniform values (e.g., color, model matrix)
    color_location = glGetUniformLocation(shader_program, "color")
    glUniform3f(color_location, 1.0, 0.5, 0.2) # Orange

    # ... Bind vertex data and draw ...

    glUseProgram(0) # Unbind the shader program

    # ...
            

              
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            from OpenGL.GL import *
from PIL import Image

def load_texture(filename):
    try:
        img = Image.open(filename)
        img_data = img.convert("RGBA").tobytes("raw", "RGBA", 0, -1)
        width, height = img.size

        texture_id = glGenTextures(1)
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture_id)
        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT)
        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT)
        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR)
        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR)
        glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA, width, height, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, img_data)

        return texture_id
    except FileNotFoundError:
        print(f"Error: Texture file '{filename}' not found.")
        return None

# Example Usage (within the display function):

def display():
    # ... OpenGL setup ...

    texture_id = load_texture("path/to/your/texture.png")
    if texture_id:
        glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D)
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture_id)

        # ... Bind vertex data and texture coordinates ...

        # Assuming you have texture coordinates defined in your vertex data
        # and a corresponding attribute in your vertex shader

        # Draw your textured object

        glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_2D)
    else:
      print("Failed to load texture.")

    # ...
            

              
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            #version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;

in vec3 Normal;
in vec3 FragPos;

uniform vec3 lightPos;
uniform vec3 lightColor;
uniform vec3 objectColor;
uniform float ambientStrength = 0.1;
float diffuseStrength = 0.5;
float specularStrength = 0.5;
float shininess = 32;

void main()
{
    // Ambient
    vec3 ambient = ambientStrength * lightColor;

    // Diffuse
    vec3 norm = normalize(Normal);
    vec3 lightDir = normalize(lightPos - FragPos);
    float diff = max(dot(norm, lightDir), 0.0);
    vec3 diffuse = diffuseStrength * diff * lightColor;

    // Specular
    vec3 viewDir = normalize(-FragPos); // Assuming the camera is at (0,0,0)
    vec3 reflectDir = reflect(-lightDir, norm);
    float spec = pow(max(dot(viewDir, reflectDir), 0.0), shininess);
    vec3 specular = specularStrength * spec * lightColor;

    vec3 result = (ambient + diffuse + specular) * objectColor;
    FragColor = vec4(result, 1.0);
}

            

              
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