揭秘JavaScript私有字段继承：面向全球开发者的受保护成员访问

            class BankAccount {
  #balance;

  constructor(initialDeposit) {
    this.#balance = initialDeposit;
  }

  deposit(amount) {
    if (amount > 0) {
      this.#balance += amount;
      console.log(`Deposited: ${amount}. New balance: ${this.#balance}`);
    }
  }

  withdraw(amount) {
    if (amount > 0 && this.#balance >= amount) {
      this.#balance -= amount;
      console.log(`Withdrew: ${amount}. New balance: ${this.#balance}`);
      return true;
    }
    console.log("Insufficient funds or invalid amount.");
    return false;
  }

  getBalance() {
    return this.#balance;
  }
}

const myAccount = new BankAccount(1000);

myAccount.deposit(500);
myAccount.withdraw(200);

// Attempting to access the private field directly will cause an error:
// console.log(myAccount.#balance); // SyntaxError: Private field '#balance' must be declared in an enclosing class

            

              
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            class Animal {
  constructor(name) {
    this.name = name;
  }

  speak() {
    console.log(`${this.name} makes a noise.`);
  }
}

class Dog extends Animal {
  constructor(name, breed) {
    super(name); // Calls the Animal constructor
    this.breed = breed;
  }

  speak() {
    console.log(`${this.name} barks.`);
  }

  fetch() {
    console.log("Fetching the ball!");
  }
}

const myDog = new Dog("Buddy", "Golden Retriever");
myDog.speak(); // Output: Buddy barks.
myDog.fetch(); // Output: Fetching the ball!

            

              
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            class Vehicle {
  #speed;

  constructor(make, model) {
    this.make = make;
    this.model = model;
    this.#speed = 0;
  }

  accelerate(increment) {
    this.#speed += increment;
    console.log(`${this.make} ${this.model} accelerating. Current speed: ${this.#speed} km/h`);
  }

  // This method is public and can be called by subclasses
  getCurrentSpeed() {
    return this.#speed;
  }
}

class Car extends Vehicle {
  constructor(make, model, numDoors) {
    super(make, model);
    this.numDoors = numDoors;
  }

  // We can't directly access #speed here
  // For example, this would cause an error:
  // startEngine() {
  //   console.log(`${this.make} ${this.model} engine started.`);
  //   // this.#speed = 10; // SyntaxError!
  // }

  drive() {
    console.log(`${this.make} ${this.model} is driving.`);
    // We can call the public method to indirectly affect #speed
    this.accelerate(50);
  }
}

const myCar = new Car("Toyota", "Camry", 4);
myCar.drive(); // Output: Toyota Camry is driving.
              // Output: Toyota Camry accelerating. Current speed: 50 km/h

console.log(myCar.getCurrentSpeed()); // Output: 50

// Attempting to access the superclass's private field directly from the subclass instance:
// console.log(myCar.#speed); // SyntaxError!

            

              
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            class Vehicle {
  #speed;
  #engineStatus;

  constructor(make, model) {
    this.make = make;
    this.model = model;
    this.#speed = 0;
    this.#engineStatus = "off";
  }

  // Public method for general interaction
  accelerate(increment) {
    if (this.#engineStatus === "on") {
      this.#speed = Math.min(this.#speed + increment, 100); // Max speed 100
      console.log(`${this.make} ${this.model} accelerating. Current speed: ${this.#speed} km/h`);
    } else {
      console.log(`${this.make} ${this.model} engine is off. Cannot accelerate.`);
    }
  }

  // A method intended for subclasses to interact with private state
  // We can prefix with '_' to indicate it's for internal/subclass use, though not enforced.
  _setEngineStatus(status) {
    if (status === "on" || status === "off") {
      this.#engineStatus = status;
      console.log(`${this.make} ${this.model} engine turned ${status}.`);
    } else {
      console.log("Invalid engine status.");
    }
  }

  // Public getter for speed
  getCurrentSpeed() {
    return this.#speed;
  }

  // Public getter for engine status
  getEngineStatus() {
    return this.#engineStatus;
  }
}

class Car extends Vehicle {
  constructor(make, model, numDoors) {
    super(make, model);
    this.numDoors = numDoors;
  }

  startEngine() {
    this._setEngineStatus("on"); // Using the "protected" method
  }

  stopEngine() {
    // We can also indirectly set speed to 0 or prevent acceleration
    // by using protected methods if designed that way.
    this._setEngineStatus("off");
    // If we wanted to reset speed on engine stop:
    // this.accelerate(-this.getCurrentSpeed()); // This would work if accelerate handles speed reduction.
  }

  drive() {
    if (this.getEngineStatus() === "on") {
      console.log(`${this.make} ${this.model} is driving.`);
      this.accelerate(50);
    } else {
      console.log(`${this.make} ${this.model} cannot drive, engine is off.`);
    }
  }
}

const myCar = new Car("Ford", "Focus", 4);
myCar.drive(); // Output: Ford Focus cannot drive, engine is off.

myCar.startEngine(); // Output: Ford Focus engine turned on.
myCar.drive();     // Output: Ford Focus is driving.
                   // Output: Ford Focus accelerating. Current speed: 50 km/h

console.log(myCar.getCurrentSpeed()); // Output: 50

// External code cannot directly call _setEngineStatus without reflection or hacky ways.
// For example, this is not allowed by standard JS private field syntax.
// However, the '_' convention is purely stylistic and doesn't enforce privacy.
// console.log(myCar._setEngineStatus("on"));

            

              
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