Frontend Arxitekturasi: Masshtablanuvchi Ilovalar Uchun Geksagonal va Toza Arxitektura

Frontend ilovalari murakkablashib borgani sari, yaxshi aniqlangan arxitektura ularni qo'llab-quvvatlash, testlash va masshtablashtirish uchun hal qiluvchi ahamiyatga ega bo'ladi. Ushbu muammolarni hal qiladigan ikkita mashhur arxitektura namunasi - Geksagonal Arxitektura (Portlar va Adapterlar deb ham ataladi) va Toza Arxitektura. Ular backend dunyosidan kelib chiqqan bo'lsa-da, ushbu tamoyillarni mustahkam va moslashuvchan foydalanuvchi interfeyslarini yaratish uchun frontend dasturlashda samarali qo'llash mumkin.

Frontend Arxitekturasi Nima?

Frontend arxitekturasi frontend ilovasi ichidagi turli komponentlarning tuzilishini, tashkil etilishini va o'zaro ta'sirini belgilaydi. U ilovaning qanday qurilishi, qo'llab-quvvatlanishi va masshtablanishi uchun loyiha vazifasini o'taydi. Yaxshi frontend arxitekturasi quyidagilarni ta'minlaydi:

• Qo'llab-quvvatlanuvchanlik: Kodni tushunish, o'zgartirish va tuzatish osonroq.
• Testlanuvchanlik: Birlik va integratsiya testlarini yozishni osonlashtiradi.
• Masshtablanuvchanlik: Ilovaning ortib borayotgan murakkablik va foydalanuvchi yuklamasiga bardosh berishiga imkon beradi.
• Qayta foydalanish imkoniyati: Ilovaning turli qismlarida kodni qayta ishlatishga yordam beradi.
• Moslashuvchanlik: O'zgaruvchan talablar va yangi texnologiyalarga moslashadi.

Aniq arxitekturasiz frontend loyihalari tezda monolit va boshqarish qiyin bo'lib qolishi mumkin, bu esa ishlab chiqarish xarajatlarining oshishiga va chaqqonlikning pasayishiga olib keladi.

Geksagonal Arxitekturaga Kirish

Alistair Cockburn tomonidan taklif qilingan Geksagonal Arxitektura ilovaning asosiy biznes mantiqini ma'lumotlar bazalari, UI freymvorklari va uchinchi tomon API'lari kabi tashqi bog'liqliklardan ajratishga qaratilgan. Bunga Portlar va Adapterlar konsepsiyasi orqali erishiladi.

Geksagonal Arxitekturaning Asosiy Konsepsiyalari:

• Yadro (Domen): Ilovaning biznes mantiqini va foydalanish holatlarini o'z ichiga oladi. U har qanday tashqi freymvorklar yoki texnologiyalardan mustaqil.
• Portlar: Yadro tashqi dunyo bilan qanday o'zaro ta'sir qilishini belgilaydigan interfeyslar. Ular yadroning kirish va chiqish chegaralarini ifodalaydi.
• Adapterlar: Yadroni ma'lum bir tashqi tizimlarga ulaydigan portlarning amalga oshirilishi. Ikki turdagi adapterlar mavjud:
• Boshqaruvchi Adapterlar (Birlamchi Adapterlar): Yadro bilan o'zaro ta'sirni boshlaydi. Misollar: UI komponentlari, buyruqlar qatori interfeyslari yoki boshqa ilovalar.
• Boshqariladigan Adapterlar (Ikkilamchi Adapterlar): Tashqi tizimlar bilan o'zaro ta'sir qilish uchun yadro tomonidan chaqiriladi. Misollar: ma'lumotlar bazalari, API'lar yoki fayl tizimlari.

Yadro ma'lum bir adapterlar haqida hech narsa bilmaydi. U ular bilan faqat portlar orqali o'zaro aloqa qiladi. Bu ajratish sizga yadro mantig'iga ta'sir qilmasdan turli adapterlarni osongina almashtirish imkonini beradi. Masalan, siz bir UI freymvorkidan (masalan, React) boshqasiga (masalan, Vue.js) shunchaki boshqaruvchi adapterni almashtirish orqali o'tishingiz mumkin.

Geksagonal Arxitekturaning Afzalliklari:

• Yaxshilangan Testlanuvchanlik: Asosiy biznes mantiqini tashqi bog'liqliklarga tayanmasdan alohida testlash oson. Tashqi tizimlarning xatti-harakatlarini simulyatsiya qilish uchun mock adapterlardan foydalanishingiz mumkin.
• Oshirilgan Qo'llab-quvvatlanuvchanlik: Tashqi tizimlardagi o'zgarishlar yadro mantig'iga minimal ta'sir qiladi. Bu vaqt o'tishi bilan ilovani qo'llab-quvvatlash va rivojlantirishni osonlashtiradi.
• Kattaroq Moslashuvchanlik: Adapterlarni qo'shish yoki almashtirish orqali ilovani yangi texnologiyalar va talablarga osongina moslashtirishingiz mumkin.
• Kengaytirilgan Qayta Foydalanish Imkoniyati: Asosiy biznes mantiqini turli adapterlarga ulash orqali turli kontekstlarda qayta ishlatish mumkin.

Toza Arxitekturaga Kirish

Robert C. Martin (Uncle Bob) tomonidan ommalashtirilgan Toza Arxitektura - bu vazifalarni ajratish va bog'liqlikni kamaytirishga urg'u beradigan yana bir arxitektura namunasidir. U freymvorklar, ma'lumotlar bazalari, UI va har qanday tashqi vositalardan mustaqil bo'lgan tizim yaratishga qaratilgan.

Toza Arxitekturaning Asosiy Konsepsiyalari:

Toza Arxitektura ilovani konsentrik qatlamlarga ajratadi, markazda eng mavhum va qayta ishlatiladigan kod, tashqi qatlamlarda esa eng aniq va texnologiyaga xos kod joylashadi.

• Mavjudotlar (Entities): Ilovaning asosiy biznes obyektlari va qoidalarini ifodalaydi. Ular har qanday tashqi tizimlardan mustaqildir.
• Foydalanish Holatlari (Use Cases): Ilovaning biznes mantiqini va foydalanuvchilarning tizim bilan qanday o'zaro ta'sir qilishini belgilaydi. Ular ma'lum vazifalarni bajarish uchun Mavjudotlarni boshqaradi.
• Interfeys Adapterlari: Foydalanish Holatlari va tashqi tizimlar o'rtasida ma'lumotlarni o'zgartiradi. Bu qatlam prezenterlar, kontrollerlar va shlyuzlarni (gateways) o'z ichiga oladi.
• Freymvorklar va Drayverlar: UI freymvorki, ma'lumotlar bazasi va boshqa tashqi texnologiyalarni o'z ichiga olgan eng tashqi qatlam.

Toza Arxitekturadagi bog'liqlik qoidasiga ko'ra, tashqi qatlamlar ichki qatlamlarga bog'liq bo'lishi mumkin, ammo ichki qatlamlar tashqi qatlamlarga bog'liq bo'la olmaydi. Bu asosiy biznes mantiqining har qanday tashqi freymvorklar yoki texnologiyalardan mustaqil bo'lishini ta'minlaydi.

Toza Arxitekturaning Afzalliklari:

• Freymvorklardan Mustaqillik: Arxitektura ba'zi bir xususiyatlarga boy dasturiy ta'minot kutubxonasining mavjudligiga tayanmaydi. Bu sizga freymvorklarni tizimingizni ularning cheklangan doirasiga sig'dirishga majbur bo'lish o'rniga, vosita sifatida ishlatish imkonini beradi.
• Testlanuvchanlik: Biznes qoidalarini UI, ma'lumotlar bazasi, veb-server yoki boshqa har qanday tashqi elementsiz testlash mumkin.
• UI'dan Mustaqillik: UI tizimning qolgan qismini o'zgartirmasdan osongina o'zgarishi mumkin. Veb UI'ni biznes qoidalarining birortasini o'zgartirmasdan konsol UI bilan almashtirish mumkin.
• Ma'lumotlar Bazasidan Mustaqillik: Siz Oracle yoki SQL Server'ni Mongo, BigTable, CouchDB yoki boshqa biror narsa bilan almashtirishingiz mumkin. Sizning biznes qoidalaringiz ma'lumotlar bazasiga bog'liq emas.
• Har qanday tashqi vositadan mustaqillik: Aslida sizning biznes qoidalaringiz tashqi dunyo haqida *umuman hech narsa* bilmaydi.

Geksagonal va Toza Arxitekturani Frontend Dasturlashda Qo'llash

Geksagonal va Toza Arxitektura ko'pincha backend dasturlash bilan bog'liq bo'lsa-da, ularning tamoyillarini arxitekturasini va qo'llab-quvvatlanuvchanligini yaxshilash uchun frontend ilovalarida samarali qo'llash mumkin. Buni qanday qilish kerak:

1. Yadroni (Domen) Aniqlash

Birinchi qadam - frontend ilovangizning asosiy biznes mantiqini aniqlash. Bunga UI freymvorki yoki har qanday tashqi API'lardan mustaqil bo'lgan mavjudotlar, foydalanish holatlari va biznes qoidalari kiradi. Masalan, elektron tijorat ilovasida yadro mahsulotlar, xarid savatlari va buyurtmalarni boshqarish mantig'ini o'z ichiga olishi mumkin.

Misol: Vazifalarni boshqarish ilovasida asosiy domen quyidagilardan iborat bo'lishi mumkin:

• Mavjudotlar: Vazifa, Loyiha, Foydalanuvchi
• Foydalanish Holatlari: VazifaYaratish, VazifaniYangilash, VazifaBiriktirish, VazifaniTugatish, VazifalarRo'yxati
• Biznes Qoidalar: Vazifaning sarlavhasi bo'lishi kerak, vazifa loyiha a'zosi bo'lmagan foydalanuvchiga biriktirilishi mumkin emas.

2. Portlar va Adapterlarni (Geksagonal Arxitektura) yoki Qatlamlarni (Toza Arxitektura) Aniqlash

Keyin, yadroni tashqi tizimlardan ajratib turadigan portlar va adapterlarni (Geksagonal Arxitektura) yoki qatlamlarni (Toza Arxitektura) aniqlang. Frontend ilovasida bular quyidagilarni o'z ichiga olishi mumkin:

• UI Komponentlari (Boshqaruvchi Adapterlar/Freymvorklar va Drayverlar): Foydalanuvchi bilan o'zaro aloqada bo'lgan React, Vue.js, Angular komponentlari.
• API Mijozlari (Boshqariladigan Adapterlar/Interfeys Adapterlari): Backend API'lariga so'rovlar yuboradigan servislar.
• Ma'lumotlar Omborlari (Boshqariladigan Adapterlar/Interfeys Adapterlari): Local storage, IndexedDB yoki boshqa ma'lumotlarni saqlash mexanizmlari.
• Holatni Boshqarish (Interfeys Adapterlari): Redux, Vuex yoki boshqa holatni boshqarish kutubxonalari.

Geksagonal Arxitektura yordamida misol:

• Yadro: Vazifalarni boshqarish mantiqi (mavjudotlar, foydalanish holatlari, biznes qoidalari).
• Portlar: TaskService (vazifalarni yaratish, yangilash va olish uchun metodlarni belgilaydi).
• Boshqaruvchi Adapter: Yadro bilan o'zaro aloqa qilish uchun TaskService'dan foydalanadigan React komponentlari.
• Boshqariladigan Adapter: TaskService'ni amalga oshiradigan va backend API'siga so'rovlar yuboradigan API mijozi.

Toza Arxitektura yordamida misol:

• Mavjudotlar: Vazifa, Loyiha, Foydalanuvchi (sof JavaScript obyektlari).
• Foydalanish Holatlari: CreateTaskUseCase, UpdateTaskUseCase (mavjudotlarni boshqaradi).
• Interfeys Adapterlari:
  • Kontrollerlar: UI'dan foydalanuvchi kiritishlarini boshqaradi.
  • Prezenterlar: UI'da ko'rsatish uchun ma'lumotlarni formatlaydi.
  • Shlyuzlar (Gateways): API mijozi bilan o'zaro aloqa qiladi.
• Freymvorklar va Drayverlar: React komponentlari, API mijozi (axios, fetch).

3. Adapterlarni (Geksagonal Arxitektura) yoki Qatlamlarni (Toza Arxitektura) Amalga Oshirish

Endi yadroni tashqi tizimlarga ulaydigan adapterlar yoki qatlamlarni amalga oshiring. Adapterlar yoki qatlamlar yadrodan mustaqil ekanligiga va yadro ular bilan faqat portlar yoki interfeyslar orqali o'zaro aloqa qilishiga ishonch hosil qiling. Bu sizga yadro mantig'iga ta'sir qilmasdan turli adapterlar yoki qatlamlarni osongina almashtirish imkonini beradi.

Misol (Geksagonal Arxitektura):

// TaskService Porti
interface TaskService {
  createTask(taskData: TaskData): Promise;
  updateTask(taskId: string, taskData: TaskData): Promise;
  getTask(taskId: string): Promise;
}

// API Mijozi Adapteri
class ApiTaskService implements TaskService {
  async createTask(taskData: TaskData): Promise {
    // Vazifa yaratish uchun API so'rovini yuborish
  }

  async updateTask(taskId: string, taskData: TaskData): Promise {
    // Vazifani yangilash uchun API so'rovini yuborish
  }

  async getTask(taskId: string): Promise {
    // Vazifani olish uchun API so'rovini yuborish
  }
}

// React Komponent Adapteri
function TaskList() {
  const taskService: TaskService = new ApiTaskService();

  const handleCreateTask = async (taskData: TaskData) => {
    await taskService.createTask(taskData);
    // Vazifalar ro'yxatini yangilash
  };

  // ...
}

Misol (Toza Arxitektura):

// Mavjudotlar
class Task {
  constructor(public id: string, public title: string, public description: string) {}
}

// Foydalanish Holati
class CreateTaskUseCase {
  constructor(private taskGateway: TaskGateway) {}

  async execute(title: string, description: string): Promise {
    const task = new Task(generateId(), title, description);
    await this.taskGateway.create(task);
    return task;
  }
}

// Interfeys Adapterlari - Shlyuz (Gateway)
interface TaskGateway {
  create(task: Task): Promise;
}

class ApiTaskGateway implements TaskGateway {
  async create(task: Task): Promise {
    // Vazifa yaratish uchun API so'rovini yuborish
  }
}

// Interfeys Adapterlari - Kontroller
class TaskController {
  constructor(private createTaskUseCase: CreateTaskUseCase) {}

  async createTask(req: Request, res: Response) {
    const { title, description } = req.body;
    const task = await this.createTaskUseCase.execute(title, description);
    res.json(task);
  }
}

// Freymvorklar va Drayverlar - React Komponenti
function TaskForm() {
  const [title, setTitle] = useState('');
  const [description, setDescription] = useState('');
  const apiTaskGateway = new ApiTaskGateway();
  const createTaskUseCase = new CreateTaskUseCase(apiTaskGateway);
  const taskController = new TaskController(createTaskUseCase);

  const handleSubmit = async (e: React.FormEvent) => {
    e.preventDefault();
    await taskController.createTask({ body: { title, description } } as Request, { json: (data: any) => console.log(data) } as Response);
  };

  return (
    

       setTitle(e.target.value)} />
       setDescription(e.target.value)} />
      <button type="submit">Vazifa Yaratish</button>
    </form>
  );
}

</code>
</pre>

<h3>4. Bog'liqliklarni Kiritish (Dependency Injection) ni Amalga Oshirish</h3>

<p>Yadroni tashqi tizimlardan yanada ajratish uchun yadroga adapterlar yoki qatlamlarni taqdim etish uchun bog'liqliklarni kiritish (dependency injection) dan foydalaning. Bu sizga yadro kodini o'zgartirmasdan turli xil adapterlar yoki qatlamlar implementatsiyalarini osongina almashtirish imkonini beradi.</p>

<p><b>Misol:</b></p>

<pre>
<code>
// TaskService'ni TaskList komponentiga kiritish
function TaskList(props: { taskService: TaskService }) {
  const { taskService } = props;

  const handleCreateTask = async (taskData: TaskData) => {
    await taskService.createTask(taskData);
    // Vazifalar ro'yxatini yangilash
  };

  // ...
}

// Foydalanish
const apiTaskService = new ApiTaskService();
<TaskList taskService={apiTaskService} />
</code>
</pre>

<h3>5. Birlik Testlarini Yozish</h3>

<p>Geksagonal va Toza Arxitekturaning asosiy afzalliklaridan biri bu yaxshilangan testlanuvchanlikdir. Siz asosiy biznes mantig'i uchun birlik testlarini tashqi bog'liqliklarga tayanmasdan osongina yozishingiz mumkin. Tashqi tizimlarning xatti-harakatlarini simulyatsiya qilish va yadro mantig'i kutilganidek ishlayotganini tekshirish uchun mock adapterlar yoki qatlamlardan foydalaning.</p>

<p><b>Misol:</b></p>

<pre>
<code>
// Mock TaskService
class MockTaskService implements TaskService {
  async createTask(taskData: TaskData): Promise<Task> {
    return Promise.resolve({ id: '1', ...taskData });
  }

  async updateTask(taskId: string, taskData: TaskData): Promise<Task> {
    return Promise.resolve({ id: taskId, ...taskData });
  }

  async getTask(taskId: string): Promise<Task> {
    return Promise.resolve({ id: taskId, title: 'Test Task', description: 'Test Description' });
  }
}

// Birlik Testi
describe('TaskList', () => {
  it('should create a task', async () => {
    const mockTaskService = new MockTaskService();
    const taskList = new TaskList({ taskService: mockTaskService });

    const taskData = { title: 'New Task', description: 'New Description' };
    const newTask = await taskList.handleCreateTask(taskData);

    expect(newTask.title).toBe('New Task');
    expect(newTask.description).toBe('New Description');
  });
});
</code>
</pre>

<h2>Amaliy Jihatlar va Qiyinchiliklar</h2>

<p>Geksagonal va Toza Arxitektura sezilarli afzalliklarni taqdim etsa-da, ularni frontend dasturlashga qo'llashda yodda tutish kerak bo'lgan ba'zi amaliy jihatlar va qiyinchiliklar mavjud:</p>

<ul>
 <li><b>Murakkablikning Oshishi:</b> Bu arxitekturalar, ayniqsa kichik yoki oddiy ilovalar uchun kod bazasiga murakkablik qo'shishi mumkin.</li>
 <li><b>O'rganish Jarayoni:</b> Dasturchilar ushbu arxitekturalarni samarali joriy etish uchun yangi konsepsiyalar va namunalarni o'rganishlari kerak bo'lishi mumkin.</li>
 <li><b>Haddan Tashqari Loyihalash (Over-Engineering):</b> Ilovani haddan tashqari murakkablashtirishdan saqlanish muhim. Oddiy arxitekturadan boshlang va zaruratga qarab asta-sekin murakkablikni qo'shing.</li>
 <li><b>Abstraksiyani Muvozanatlash:</b> To'g'ri abstraksiya darajasini topish qiyin bo'lishi mumkin. Juda ko'p abstraksiya kodni tushunishni qiyinlashtirishi mumkin, juda kam abstraksiya esa qattiq bog'liqlikka olib kelishi mumkin.</li>
 <li><b>Ishlash Samaradorligi Masalalari:</b> Haddan tashqari ko'p abstraksiya qatlamlari potentsial ravishda ishlash samaradorligiga ta'sir qilishi mumkin. Ilovani profillash va har qanday ishlashdagi muammolarni aniqlash muhim.</li>
</ul>

<h2>Xalqaro Misollar va Moslashuvlar</h2>

<p>Geksagonal va Toza Arxitektura tamoyillari geografik joylashuv yoki madaniy kontekstdan qat'i nazar, frontend dasturlashda qo'llanilishi mumkin. Biroq, aniq amalga oshirishlar va moslashuvlar loyiha talablari va ishlab chiquvchilar jamoasining afzalliklariga qarab farq qilishi mumkin.</p>

<p><b>1-misol: Global Elektron Tijorat Platformasi</b></p>

<p>Global elektron tijorat platformasi asosiy xarid savati va buyurtmalarni boshqarish mantig'ini UI freymvorki va to'lov shlyuzlaridan ajratish uchun Geksagonal Arxitekturadan foydalanishi mumkin. Yadro mahsulotlarni boshqarish, narxlarni hisoblash va buyurtmalarni qayta ishlash uchun mas'ul bo'ladi. Boshqaruvchi adapterlar mahsulotlar katalogi, xarid savati va to'lov sahifalari uchun React komponentlarini o'z ichiga oladi. Boshqariladigan adapterlar turli to'lov shlyuzlari (masalan, Stripe, PayPal, Alipay) va yetkazib berish provayderlari (masalan, FedEx, DHL, UPS) uchun API mijozlarini o'z ichiga oladi. Bu platformaga turli mintaqaviy to'lov usullari va yetkazib berish imkoniyatlariga osongina moslashish imkonini beradi.</p>

<p><b>2-misol: Ko'p Tilli Ijtimoiy Tarmoq Ilovasi</b></p>

<p>Ko'p tilli ijtimoiy tarmoq ilovasi asosiy foydalanuvchi autentifikatsiyasi va kontentni boshqarish mantig'ini UI va lokalizatsiya freymvorklaridan ajratish uchun Toza Arxitekturadan foydalanishi mumkin. Mavjudotlar foydalanuvchilar, postlar va sharhlarni ifodalaydi. Foydalanish holatlari foydalanuvchilarning kontentni qanday yaratishi, baham ko'rishi va u bilan o'zaro ta'sir qilishini belgilaydi. Interfeys adapterlari kontentni turli tillarga tarjima qilish va ma'lumotlarni turli UI komponentlari uchun formatlashni boshqaradi. Bu ilovaga yangi tillarni osongina qo'llab-quvvatlash va turli madaniy afzalliklarga moslashish imkonini beradi.</p>

<h2>Xulosa</h2>

<p>Geksagonal va Toza Arxitektura qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan, testlanadigan va masshtablanuvchi frontend ilovalarini yaratish uchun qimmatli tamoyillarni taqdim etadi. Asosiy biznes mantiqini tashqi bog'liqliklardan ajratish orqali siz vaqt o'tishi bilan rivojlantirish osonroq bo'lgan moslashuvchan va o'zgaruvchan kod bazasini yaratishingiz mumkin. Garchi bu arxitekturalar dastlabki murakkablikni qo'shishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, uzoq muddatli istiqbolda qo'llab-quvvatlash, testlash va masshtablashtirish nuqtai nazaridan ularning afzalliklari murakkab frontend loyihalari uchun arzigulik sarmoyadir. Oddiy arxitekturadan boshlashni va zaruratga qarab asta-sekin murakkablikni qo'shishni, shuningdek, amaliy jihatlar va qiyinchiliklarni diqqat bilan ko'rib chiqishni unutmang.</p>

<p>Ushbu arxitektura namunalarini o'zlashtirish orqali frontend dasturchilari butun dunyo bo'ylab foydalanuvchilarning o'zgaruvchan ehtiyojlarini qondira oladigan yanada mustahkam va ishonchli ilovalarni yaratishlari mumkin.</p>

<h3>Qo'shimcha O'qish Uchun</h3>

<ul>
  <li>Geksagonal Arxitektura: <a href="https://alistaircockburn.com/hexagonal-architecture/">https://alistaircockburn.com/hexagonal-architecture/</a></li>
  <li>Toza Arxitektura: <a href="https://blog.cleancoder.com/uncle-bob/2012/08/13/the-clean-architecture.html">https://blog.cleancoder.com/uncle-bob/2012/08/13/the-clean-architecture.html</a></li>
</ul>
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