TypeScript 의존성 주입: 견고한 글로벌 애플리케이션을 위한 IoC 컨테이너 타입 안전성 강화

            
interface ILogger {
  log(message: string): void;
}

class ConsoleLogger implements ILogger {
  log(message: string): void {
    console.log(`[LOG]: ${message}`);
  }
}

class DataService {
  private logger: ILogger;

  constructor(logger: ILogger) {
    this.logger = logger;
  }

  fetchData(): string {
    this.logger.log("Fetching data...");
    // ... data fetching logic ...
    return "Some important data";
  }
}

// Manual Dependency Injection
const myLogger: ILogger = new ConsoleLogger();
const myDataService = new DataService(myLogger);
console.log(myDataService.fetchData());

            

              
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// Define the contract
interface IEmailService {
  sendEmail(to: string, subject: string, body: string): Promise<void>;
}

// Concrete implementation 1
class SmtpEmailService implements IEmailService {
  async sendEmail(to: string, subject: string, body: string): Promise<void> {
    console.log(`Sending SMTP email to ${to}: ${subject}`);
    // ... actual SMTP logic ...
  }
}

// Concrete implementation 2 (e.g., for testing or different provider)
class MockEmailService implements IEmailService {
  async sendEmail(to: string, subject: string, body: string): Promise<void> {
    console.log(`[MOCK] Sending email to ${to}: ${subject}`);
    // No actual sending, just for testing or development
  }
}

class NotificationService {
  constructor(private emailService: IEmailService) {}

  async notifyUser(userId: string, message: string): Promise<void> {
    // Imagine retrieving user email here
    const userEmail = "user@example.com";
    await this.emailService.sendEmail(userEmail, "Notification", message);
  }
}

            

              
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// tsconfig.json excerpt:
// {
//   "compilerOptions": {
//     "experimentalDecorators": true,
//     "emitDecoratorMetadata": true
//   }
// }

import { Container, injectable, inject } from "inversify";
import "reflect-metadata"; // Essential for decorator metadata

// --- Dependencies ---

interface IDataRepository {
  findById(id: string): Promise<any>;
}

@injectable()
class MongoDataRepository implements IDataRepository {
  async findById(id: string): Promise<any> {
    console.log(`Fetching data from MongoDB for ID: ${id}`);
    return { id, name: "MongoDB User" };
  }
}

interface ILogger {
  log(message: string): void;
}

@injectable()
class ConsoleLogger implements ILogger {
  log(message: string): void {
    console.log(`[App Logger]: ${message}`);
  }
}

// --- Service requiring dependencies ---

@injectable()
class UserService {
  constructor(
    @inject(TYPES.DataRepository) private dataRepository: IDataRepository,
    @inject(TYPES.Logger) private logger: ILogger
  ) {
    this.logger.log("UserService initialized.");
  }

  async getUser(id: string): Promise<any> {
    this.logger.log(`Attempting to get user with ID: ${id}`);
    const user = await this.dataRepository.findById(id);
    this.logger.log(`User ${user.name} retrieved.`);
    return user;
  }
}

// --- IoC Container Setup ---

const TYPES = {
  DataRepository: Symbol.for("IDataRepository"),
  Logger: Symbol.for("ILogger"),
  UserService: Symbol.for("UserService"),
};

const appContainer = new Container();

// Bind interfaces to concrete implementations using symbols
appContainer.bind<IDataRepository>(TYPES.DataRepository).to(MongoDataRepository);
appContainer.bind<ILogger>(TYPES.Logger).to(ConsoleLogger);

// Bind the concrete class for UserService
// The container will automatically resolve its dependencies based on @inject decorators and reflect-metadata
appContainer.bind<UserService>(TYPES.UserService).to(UserService);

// --- Application Execution ---

const userService = appContainer.get<UserService>(TYPES.UserService);
userService.getUser("user-123").then(user => {
  console.log("User fetched successfully:", user);
});

            

              
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import { Container, injectable, inject, interfaces } from "inversify";
import "reflect-metadata";

const APP_TYPES = {
  PaymentProcessor: Symbol.for("IPaymentProcessor"),
  OrderService: Symbol.for("IOrderService"),
};

interface IPaymentProcessor {
  processPayment(amount: number): Promise<boolean>;
}

@injectable()
class StripePaymentProcessor implements IPaymentProcessor {
  async processPayment(amount: number): Promise<boolean> {
    console.log(`Processing ${amount} with Stripe...`);
    return true;
  }
}

@injectable()
class PayPalPaymentProcessor implements IPaymentProcessor {
  async processPayment(amount: number): Promise<boolean> {
    console.log(`Processing ${amount} with PayPal...`);
    return true;
  }
}

@injectable()
class OrderService {
  constructor(
    @inject(APP_TYPES.PaymentProcessor) private paymentProcessor: IPaymentProcessor
  ) {}

  async placeOrder(orderId: string, amount: number, paymentMethod: 'stripe' | 'paypal'): Promise<boolean> {
    console.log(`Placing order ${orderId} for ${amount}...`);
    const success = await this.paymentProcessor.processPayment(amount);
    if (success) {
      console.log(`Order ${orderId} placed successfully.`);
    } else {
      console.log(`Order ${orderId} failed.`);
    }
    return success;
  }
}

const container = new Container();

// Bind Stripe as default
container.bind<IPaymentProcessor>(APP_TYPES.PaymentProcessor).to(StripePaymentProcessor);

// Conditionally bind PayPal if the context requires it (e.g., based on a tag)
container.bind<IPaymentProcessor>(APP_TYPES.PaymentProcessor)
  .to(PayPalPaymentProcessor)
  .whenTargetTagged("paymentMethod", "paypal");

container.bind<OrderService>(APP_TYPES.OrderService).to(OrderService);

// Scenario 1: Default (Stripe)
const orderServiceDefault = container.get<OrderService>(APP_TYPES.OrderService);
orderServiceDefault.placeOrder("ORD001", 100, "stripe");

// Scenario 2: Request PayPal specifically
// This approach for conditional binding requires the consumer to know about the tag, 
// or more commonly, the tag is applied to the consumer's dependency directly.
// A more direct way to get the PayPal processor for OrderService would be:

// Re-binding for demonstration (in a real app, you'd configure this once)
const containerForPayPal = new Container();
containerForPayPal.bind<IPaymentProcessor>(APP_TYPES.PaymentProcessor).to(StripePaymentProcessor);
containerForPayPal.bind<IPaymentProcessor>(APP_TYPES.PaymentProcessor)
  .to(PayPalPaymentProcessor)
  .when((request: interfaces.Request) => {
    // A more advanced rule, e.g., inspect a request-scoped context
    return request.parentRequest?.serviceIdentifier === APP_TYPES.OrderService && request.parentRequest.target.name === "paypal";
  });

// For simplicity in direct consumption, you might define named bindings for processors
container.bind<IPaymentProcessor>("StripeProcessor").to(StripePaymentProcessor);
container.bind<IPaymentProcessor>("PayPalProcessor").to(PayPalPaymentProcessor);

// If OrderService needs to choose based on its own logic, it would @inject all processors and select
// Or if the *consumer* of OrderService determines the payment method:

const orderContainer = new Container();
orderContainer.bind<IPaymentProcessor>(APP_TYPES.PaymentProcessor).to(StripePaymentProcessor).whenTargetNamed("stripe");
orderContainer.bind<IPaymentProcessor>(APP_TYPES.PaymentProcessor).to(PayPalPaymentProcessor).whenTargetNamed("paypal");

@injectable()
class SmartOrderService {
  constructor(
    @inject(APP_TYPES.PaymentProcessor) @named("stripe") private stripeProcessor: IPaymentProcessor,
    @inject(APP_TYPES.PaymentProcessor) @named("paypal") private paypalProcessor: IPaymentProcessor
  ) {}

  async placeOrder(orderId: string, amount: number, method: 'stripe' | 'paypal'): Promise<boolean> {
    console.log(`SmartOrderService placing order ${orderId} for ${amount} via ${method}...`);
    if (method === 'stripe') {
      return this.stripeProcessor.processPayment(amount);
    } else if (method === 'paypal') {
      return this.paypalProcessor.processPayment(amount);
    }
    return false;
  }
}

orderContainer.bind<SmartOrderService>(APP_TYPES.OrderService).to(SmartOrderService);

const smartOrderService = orderContainer.get<SmartOrderService>(APP_TYPES.OrderService);
smartOrderService.placeOrder("SMART-001", 150, "paypal");
smartOrderService.placeOrder("SMART-002", 250, "stripe");

            

              
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import { Service, Inject } from 'typedi';
import "reflect-metadata"; // Required for decorators

interface ICurrencyConverter {
  convert(amount: number, from: string, to: string): number;
}

@Service()
class ExchangeRateConverter implements ICurrencyConverter {
  private rates: { [key: string]: number } = {
    "USD_EUR": 0.85,
    "EUR_USD": 1.18,
    "USD_GBP": 0.73,
    "GBP_USD": 1.37,
  };

  convert(amount: number, from: string, to: string): number {
    const rateKey = `${from}_${to}`;
    if (this.rates[rateKey]) {
      return amount * this.rates[rateKey];
    }
    console.warn(`No exchange rate found for ${rateKey}. Returning original amount.`);
    return amount; // Or throw an error
  }
}

@Service()
class FinancialService {
  constructor(@Inject(() => ExchangeRateConverter) private currencyConverter: ICurrencyConverter) {}

  calculateInternationalTransfer(amount: number, fromCurrency: string, toCurrency: string): number {
    console.log(`Calculating transfer of ${amount} ${fromCurrency} to ${toCurrency}.`);
    return this.currencyConverter.convert(amount, fromCurrency, toCurrency);
  }
}

// Resolve from the global container
// const financialService = FinancialService.prototype.constructor.length === 0 ? new FinancialService(new ExchangeRateConverter()) : Service.get(FinancialService); // Example for direct instantiation or container get

// More robust way to get from container if using actual service calls
import { Container } from 'typedi';
const financialServiceFromContainer = Container.get(FinancialService);

const convertedAmount = financialServiceFromContainer.calculateInternationalTransfer(100, "USD", "EUR");
console.log(`Converted amount: ${convertedAmount} EUR`);

            

              
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// Conceptual example with async binding
container.bind<IDatabaseClient>(TYPES.DatabaseClient)
  .toDynamicValue(async () => {
    const client = new DatabaseClient();
    await client.connect(); // Asynchronous initialization
    return client;
  })
  .inSingletonScope();

            

              
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import { Container, injectable, inject, interfaces } from "inversify";
import "reflect-metadata";

interface IReportGenerator {
  generateReport(data: any): string;
}

@injectable()
class PdfReportGenerator implements IReportGenerator {
  generateReport(data: any): string {
    return `PDF Report for: ${JSON.stringify(data)}`;
  }
}

@injectable()
class CsvReportGenerator implements IReportGenerator {
  generateReport(data: any): string {
    return `CSV Report for: ${Object.keys(data).join(',')}\n${Object.values(data).join(',')}`;
  }
}

const REPORT_TYPES = {
  Pdf: Symbol.for("PdfReportGenerator"),
  Csv: Symbol.for("CsvReportGenerator"),
  ReportService: Symbol.for("ReportService"),
};

// The ReportService will depend on a factory function
interface ReportGeneratorFactory {
  (format: 'pdf' | 'csv'): IReportGenerator;
}

@injectable()
class ReportService {
  constructor(
    @inject(REPORT_TYPES.ReportGeneratorFactory) private reportGeneratorFactory: ReportGeneratorFactory
  ) {}

  createReport(format: 'pdf' | 'csv', data: any): string {
    const generator = this.reportGeneratorFactory(format);
    return generator.generateReport(data);
  }
}

const reportContainer = new Container();

// Bind specific report generators
reportContainer.bind<IReportGenerator>(REPORT_TYPES.Pdf).to(PdfReportGenerator);
reportContainer.bind<IReportGenerator>(REPORT_TYPES.Csv).to(CsvReportGenerator);

// Bind the factory function
reportContainer.bind<ReportGeneratorFactory>(REPORT_TYPES.ReportGeneratorFactory)
  .toFactory<IReportGenerator>((context: interfaces.Context) => {
    return (format: 'pdf' | 'csv') => {
      if (format === 'pdf') {
        return context.container.get<IReportGenerator>(REPORT_TYPES.Pdf);
      } else if (format === 'csv') {
        return context.container.get<IReportGenerator>(REPORT_TYPES.Csv);
      }
      throw new Error(`Unknown report format: ${format}`);
    };
  });

reportContainer.bind<ReportService>(REPORT_TYPES.ReportService).to(ReportService);

const reportService = reportContainer.get<ReportService>(REPORT_TYPES.ReportService);

const salesData = { region: "EMEA", totalSales: 150000, month: "January" };
console.log(reportService.createReport("pdf", salesData));
console.log(reportService.createReport("csv", salesData));

            

              
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