æš¹æšã®å€ç§æè¡ãšä¿®åŸ©æè¡ã«é¢ããå æ¬çãªã¬ã€ããå°éå®¶ãæå¥œå®¶åãã«ããã¹ããã©ã¯ãã£ã¹ãå®å šãããã³ã«ãäžççãªæš¹æšå»è¡ã®åºæºã解説ããŸãã
æš¹æšã®å€ç§æè¡ãšä¿®åŸ©ïŒæš¹æšå»è¡ã®äžççãªã¬ã€ã
æš¹æšã¯å°çã®çæ ç³»ã®éèŠãªæ§æèŠçŽ ã§ãããé žçŽ ãäŸçµŠããççŽ ãéé¢ããç§ãã¡ã®æ¯èгã®çŸãããé«ããŠãããŸããããããæš¹æšã¯åµã害è«ãç æ°ããŸãã¯äžé©åãªæå ¥ãã«ãã£ãŠæå·ãåããããšããããŸããæš¹æšã®å€ç§æè¡ãšä¿®åŸ©ã¯ãæš¹æšã®å¥åº·ãæ§é çå®å šæ§ãçŸç䟡å€ãç¶æããããã«äœ¿çšãããäžé£ã®æè¡ãç¶²çŸ ããŠããŸãããã®ã¬ã€ãã§ã¯ãäžççãªæš¹æšå»è¡ã®åºæºãšå€æ§ãªç°å¢æ¡ä»¶ãèæ ®ããªããããããã®å®è·µã«ã€ããŠã®å æ¬çãªæŠèŠãæäŸããŸãã
æš¹æšã®å¥åº·ãšæ§é ã®çè§£
æš¹æšã®å€ç§æè¡ã«çæããåã«ãæš¹æšã®è§£ååŠãççåŠãããã³äžè¬çãªåé¡ãçè§£ããããšãéèŠã§ããå¥åº·ãªæš¹æšã¯ã匷åãªæ ¹ç³»ãæ§é çã«å¥å šãªå¹¹ããããŠãã©ã³ã¹ã®åããæš¹å ãæã£ãŠããŸããç æ°ãè æœããŸãã¯æ§é çãªåŒ±ãã®å åãèªèããããšã¯ã广çãªä»å ¥ã®ããã«äžå¯æ¬ ã§ãã
æš¹æšã®è§£ååŠãšççåŠ
æš¹æšãã©ã®ããã«æé·ããæ©èœããããçè§£ããããšã¯ãè¯ãæš¹æšç®¡çã®åºç€ã§ããäž»èŠãªèŠçŽ ã«ã¯ä»¥äžãå«ãŸããŸãïŒ
- æ ¹ïŒ æš¹æšãåºå®ããæ°Žåãšæ é€çŽ ãåžåããŸãã
- å¹¹ïŒ æ§é çãªæ¯æãæäŸããæ ¹ãšæš¹å ã®éã§æ°Žåãšæ é€çŽ ã茞éããŸãã
- æïŒ èãæ¯ããæš¹æšå šäœã®åœ¢ç¶ã«å¯äžããŸãã
- èïŒ å åæãè¡ãã倪éœå ããšãã«ã®ãŒã«å€æããŸãã
- 圢æå±€ïŒ æš¹ç®ã®äžã«ãã现èå±€ã§ãæ°ããæšéšãšæš¹ç®ãçæãã圹å²ãæ ã£ãŠããŸãã
äžè¬çãªæš¹æšã®åé¡
æš¹æšã¯ã以äžã®ãããªæ§ã ãªåé¡ã®åœ±é¿ãåããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãïŒ
- ç æ°ïŒ æš¹æšã匱ããããæ¯ããããããå¯èœæ§ã®ããçèã现èããŸãã¯ãŠã€ã«ã¹ã«ããææçïŒäŸïŒãã¬ç«æ¯ç ããã©é¡ç«æ¯ç ãç«å·ç ïŒã
- 害è«ïŒ æš¹æšãé£å®³ããèãæš¹ç®ããŸãã¯æšéšã«æå·ãäžããæè«ããã®ä»ã®çç©ïŒäŸïŒãšã¡ã©ã«ãã¢ãã·ã¥ããŒã©ãŒããžãã·ãŒã¢ã¹ãã¢ãã©ã ã·ïŒã
- æ§é ç匱ç¹ïŒ æš¹æšã®å®å®æ§ãæãªãäºè£ã空æŽããŸãã¯è æœïŒäŸïŒå·»ãèŸŒã¿æš¹ç®ã䌎ãå ±åªå¢å¹¹ãå¹¹ã®è æœïŒã
- ç°å¢ã¹ãã¬ã¹ïŒ å¹²ã°ã€ãæŽªæ°Žãæ±æããŸãã¯åå£ã®åºçµãªã©ãæš¹æšã匱ãããç æ°ã害è«ã«ããããããããèŠå ã
- åµã«ããè¢«å®³ïŒ é¢šãæ°·ããŸãã¯é·ã«ãã£ãŠåŒãèµ·ããããææããæ ¹è¿ãããã®ä»ã®æå·ã
æš¹æšã®å€ç§æè¡æè¡
æš¹æšã®å€ç§æè¡ã«ã¯ãç¹å®ã®åé¡ã«å¯ŸåŠããæš¹æšã®å¥åº·ãæ¹åããããšãç®çãšããããŸããŸãªæè¡ãå«ãŸããŸãããããã®æè¡ã¯ãå®å šãã€å¹æçã«äœæ¥ãè¡ãããã«å¿ èŠãªç¥èãã¹ãã«ãããã³æ©æãåããè³æ Œã®ããæš¹æšå»ã«ãã£ãŠè¡ãããã¹ãã§ããäžé©åãªæš¹æšã®å€ç§æè¡ã¯ãçããã害ããããããæš¹æšã匱ãããããç æ°ãæã¡èŸŒãã ãããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã
åªå®
åªå®ã¯ãæš¹æšã®æ§é ãå¥åº·ãããã³å€èŠ³ãæ¹åããããã«æãéžæçã«é€å»ããããšã§ããç®çã«ãã£ãŠç°ãªãåªå®æè¡ã䜿çšãããŸãïŒ
- ã¯ã©ãŠã³ã¯ãªãŒãã³ã°ïŒ æ¯ãæãæ¯æ»ããããŠããæãç æ°ã®æããŸãã¯æããæãåãé€ãããšã
- ã¯ã©ãŠã³ã·ãã³ã°ïŒéããåªå®ïŒïŒ æš¹å å ã®å ã®ééãšç©ºæ°ã®åŸªç°ãå¢ããããã«ãéžæçã«æãåãé€ãããšã
- ã¯ã©ãŠã³ã¬ã€ãžã³ã°ïŒæäžãïŒïŒ æ©è¡è ãè»äž¡ããŸãã¯æ§é ç©ã®ããã®ã¯ãªã¢ã©ã³ã¹ã確ä¿ããããã«ãäžæãåãé€ãããšã
- ã¯ã©ãŠã³ãªãã¯ã·ã§ã³ïŒçž®å°åªå®ïŒïŒ æš¹å å šäœã®ãµã€ãºãå°ããããããšããã°ãã°å®å®æ§ãåäžãããããé¢šã®æµæãæžããããã«äœ¿çšãããŸãã
- ãã©ãŒãïŒåŒ·åªå®ïŒïŒ å¹¹ãŸã§å šãŠã®æãåãæ»ããããææ¬çãªåªå®æ¹æ³ãéåžžãç¹å®ã®ãµã€ãºãšåœ¢ç¶ãç¶æããããã«å®æçã«è¡ãããŸãïŒäžéšã®ãšãŒãããã®éœåžã§äžè¬çïŒã
äŸïŒ æ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ãçæ œã®åœ¢ãæŽãç¶æããããã«ç·»å¯ãªåªå®æè¡ãçšããããŠãããæš¹æšã®æé·ãšçŸåŠã«å¯Ÿããæ·±ãçè§£ã瀺ããŠããŸãã
ã±ãŒãã«èšçœ®ãšè£åŒ·
ã±ãŒãã«èšçœ®ãšè£åŒ·ã¯ã匱ã£ããæå·ãããããæãæã€æš¹æšã«æ§é çãªæ¯æãæäŸããããã«äœ¿çšãããŸãããããã®æè¡ã¯ãæã®ç Žæãé²ããæš¹æšãåå£ãããªã¹ã¯ãæžããã®ã«åœ¹ç«ã¡ãŸãã
- ã±ãŒãã«èšçœ®ïŒ æãå¹¹ã®éã«ã¹ããŒã«ã±ãŒãã«ãèšçœ®ããŠæ¯æãæäŸããã¹ãã¬ã¹ã軜æžããããšã
- è£åŒ·ïŒ 匱ãåå²éšã«éå±è£œã®ãããããã«ãã貫éãããŠè£åŒ·ããããšã
äŸïŒ ã±ãŒãã«ã·ã¹ãã ã¯ãå°æ¥ã®äžä»£ã®ããã«ä¿åãããããäžçäžã®å ¬åãæŽå²çãªåºåã«ãã倧ããæçããæš¹æšã§ãã°ãã°äœ¿çšãããŸãã
空æŽå å¡«
æš¹æšã®ç©ºæŽãåããããšã¯ãã€ãŠäžè¬çãªæ £è¡ã§ããããçŸåšã§ã¯éåžžã«ç¹å®ã®æ§é çãªçç±ã§è¡ãããå Žåãé€ããäžè¬çã«ã¯æšå¥šãããŠããŸãããçŸä»£ã®æš¹æšå»è¡ã®å®è·µã§ã¯ã空æŽã人工ææã§åããã®ã§ã¯ãªããèªç¶ãªå·ã®ééãä¿é²ããããšã«éç¹ã眮ãããŠããŸãã
å Žåã«ãã£ãŠã¯ãæ¯æãæäŸãããããããªãè æœãé²ãããã«ç©ºæŽãåããããšãé©åãªããšããããŸãããããã¯ææ°Žãšéæ°ãå¯èœã«ããææã§è¡ãããã¹ãã§ãã
æ¥ãæšãšæ ¹æ¥ã
æ¥ãæšã¯ã2ã€ã®æ€ç©ãçµåãããŠ1ã€ãšããŠæé·ãããããã»ã¹ã§ããããã¯ãæãŸããåçš®ãç¹æ®ãããããæå·ããæš¹æšã修埩ãããããããã«ãã䜿çšãããŸãã
æ ¹æ¥ãã¯ãå¥ã®æš¹æšã®æ ¹ãæå·ããæš¹æšã®å¹¹ã«æ¥ãæšããŠã远å ã®æ¯æãšæ é€åžåãæäŸããæ¹æ³ã§ãããã®æè¡ã¯ãæ ¹ç³»ã«æ·±å»ãªæå·ãåããæš¹æšãæãããã«æã 䜿çšãããŸãã
æ ¹é éšæå
æ ¹é éšæåã¯ãæš¹æšã®æ ¹å åšãã®åãåãé€ããæ ¹åŒµããé²åºãããããšã§ããããã«ãããææ°Žãéæ°ãæ¹åãããæ ¹è ãã®ãªã¹ã¯ãæžå°ããŸããããã¯ãæ·±æ€ããããããäžé©åã«ãã«ãã³ã°ããããããæš¹æšã«å¯ŸããŠãã°ãã°è¡ãããŸãã
æš¹æšã®ä¿®åŸ©æè¡
æš¹æšãæå·ããå Žåãæ²»çãä¿é²ãããããªãè æœãé²ãããã«ããŸããŸãªä¿®åŸ©æè¡ã䜿çšãããŸãã
å·ã®åŠçœ®
é·å¹Žã«ããããå·å£ä¿è·æã¯æš¹æšã®å·ããä¿è·ãããããã«åºã䜿çšãããŠããŸãããããããç ç©¶ã«ãããæš¹æšã¯åºç»åãšåŒã°ããããã»ã¹ãéããŠèªç¶ã«å·ãçãããšã瀺ãããŠããŸããå·å£ä¿è·æãå¡åžãããšãå®éã«ã¯æ°Žåãéã蟌ããè æœã«é©ããç°å¢ãäœãåºãããšã§ããã®ããã»ã¹ã劚ããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã
ã»ãšãã©ã®å Žåãå·ãèªç¶ã«æ²»çããã®ã«ä»»ããã®ãæåã§ããããããç¹å®ã®ç¶æ³ã§ã¯ãå·ã®åŠçœ®ãé©åãªå ŽåããããŸãïŒ
- å·ã®æž æïŒ å·ããæµ®ããæš¹ç®ãæšæããŸãã¯ç Žçãåãé€ãããšã
- å·ã®æŽåœ¢ïŒ ã«ã«ã¹ã®åœ¢æãä¿é²ããããã«ãå·ã®çžãæ»ããã«ããããšã
æ©æ¥ã
æ©æ¥ãã¯ãå¹¹ã®ååšã«æ²¿ã£ãŠæå·ããæš¹ç®ã圢æå±€çµç¹ã修埩ããããã«äœ¿çšãããŸããç©æšïŒå°ããªæïŒãæå·é åã®äžäžã«æ¥ãæšãããæ°Žåãšæ é€çŽ ãæå·éšãè¿åããŠæµããããã®æ©ãäœããŸãã
çå
çåã¯ã2æ¬ã®æš¹æšã®æãå¹¹ãäžç·ã«æé·ããèªç¶çŸè±¡ã§ããæš¹æšå»ã¯ãçããæ©ãäœã£ããã匱ãåå²éšã匷åãããããããã«ãçåãä¿é²ããããšããããŸãã
å®å šã«é¢ããèæ ®äºé
æš¹æšã®å€ç§æè¡ãšä¿®åŸ©ã¯å±éºãªäœæ¥ã«ãªãå¯èœæ§ããããŸããäºæ ãæªæãé²ãããã«ãé©åãªå®å šãããã³ã«ã«åŸãããšãäžå¯æ¬ ã§ãã
- å人çšä¿è·å ·ïŒPPEïŒïŒ ãã«ã¡ãããå®å šã¡ã¬ããèŽèŠä¿è·å ·ãäžå€«ãªããŒããªã©ãåžžã«é©åãªPPEãççšããŠãã ããã
- ã¯ã©ã€ãã³ã°çšå ·ïŒ ããŒããããŒãã¹ãã«ã©ãããªã©ãé©åã«ã¡ã³ããã³ã¹ãããã¯ã©ã€ãã³ã°çšå ·ã䜿çšããŠãã ããã
- ãã§ãŒã³ãœãŒããã³ãã®ä»ã®é»åå·¥å ·ïŒ ã¡ãŒã«ãŒã®æç€ºã«åŸããé©åãªå®å šå¯Ÿçãè¬ããŠããã§ãŒã³ãœãŒããã®ä»ã®é»åå·¥å ·ãå®å šã«æäœããŠãã ããã
- äº€éæŽçïŒ éè·¯ãæ©éã®è¿ãã§äœæ¥ããå Žåã¯ãäœæ¥å¡ãšäžè¬åžæ°ãä¿è·ããããã®äº€éæŽçæªçœ®ã宿œããŠãã ããã
- 黿°çå±éºïŒ é äžã®éé»ç·ã«æ³šæããæ¥è§Šãé¿ããããã®äºé²æªçœ®ãè¬ããŠãã ããã
- ç·æ¥æãžã®åãïŒ å¿æ¥åŠçœ®ãé¿é£æé ãå«ããç·æ¥äºæ ã«å¯ŸåŠããããã®èšç»ãç«ãŠãŠãããŠãã ããã
äžççãªæš¹æšå»è¡ã®åºæºãšãã¹ããã©ã¯ãã£ã¹
æš¹æšå»è¡ã®å®è·µã¯ãç°ãªãç°å¢æ¡ä»¶ã暹皮ãããã³æåçäŒçµ±ãåæ ããŠãäžçäžã§ç°ãªããŸããããããåºãèªèãããŠããããã€ãã®å ±éã®åºæºãšãã¹ããã©ã¯ãã£ã¹ããããŸãã
- åœéæš¹æšå»åäŒïŒISAïŒïŒ ISAã¯ãäžçäžã§æš¹æšå»è¡ã®ç§åŠãšå®è·µãä¿é²ããå°éçµç¹ã§ããæš¹æšå»åãã®èªå®ããã°ã©ã ãæäŸããæš¹æšç®¡çã®ããã®ãã¹ããããžã¡ã³ããã©ã¯ãã£ã¹ãéçºããŠããŸãã
- æ¬§å·æš¹æšå»è©è°äŒïŒEACïŒïŒ EACã¯ãé«ãæ°Žæºã®æš¹æšå»è¡ãä¿é²ããæš¹æšå»ã®èªå®ãæäŸãããšãŒãããã®çµç¹ã§ãã
- ANSI A300åºæºïŒ ANSI A300åºæºã¯ãç±³åœã«ãããæš¹æšç®¡çã®å®è·µã«é¢ããæ¥çã®åæåºæºã®ã»ããã§ãããããã®åºæºã¯ãåªå®ãæœè¥ãæš¹æšãªã¹ã¯è©äŸ¡ãªã©ãå¹ åºããããã¯ãã«ããŒããŠããŸãã
æš¹æšã®ãªã¹ã¯è©äŸ¡ãšç®¡ç
æš¹æšã®ãªã¹ã¯è©äŸ¡ã«ã¯ãæš¹æšã«é¢é£ããæœåšçãªå±éºãè©äŸ¡ãããããã®ãªã¹ã¯ã軜æžããããã®æŠç¥ãç«ãŠãããšãå«ãŸããŸããããã¯ãç¹ã«äººã ã財ç£ã«è åšãäžãããéœåžéšã«ãããŠã責任ããæš¹æšç®¡çã®éèŠãªéšåã§ãã
å æ¬çãªæš¹æšãªã¹ã¯è©äŸ¡ã«ã¯ä»¥äžãå«ãŸããŸãïŒ
- æœåšçå±éºã®ç¹å®ïŒ æš¹æšã®åå£ã®å¯èœæ§ãšãåå£ããå Žåã®æœåšçãªçµæãè©äŸ¡ããããšã
- æš¹æšã®å¥åº·ãšæ§é ã®è©äŸ¡ïŒ æš¹æšã«ç æ°ãè æœããŸãã¯æ§é çãªåŒ±ãã®å åããªããæ€æ»ããããšã
- ç°å¢èŠå ã®èæ ®ïŒ é¢šãéªãæ°·ããã®ä»ã®ç°å¢èŠå ãæš¹æšã«äžãã圱é¿ãè©äŸ¡ããããšã
- ãªã¹ã¯ç®¡çæŠç¥ã®çå®ïŒ åªå®ãã±ãŒãã«èšçœ®ããŸãã¯äŒæ¡ãªã©ãæš¹æšã®åå£ãªã¹ã¯ãæžããããã®æªçœ®ã宿œããããšã
äŸïŒ äžçäžã®å€ãã®éœåžã§ãæš¹æšå»ã¯å®æçã«æš¹æšãªã¹ã¯è©äŸ¡ã宿œããæœåšçãªå±éºãç¹å®ããŠå¯ŸåŠããããšã§ãå ¬å ±ã¹ããŒã¹ã®å®å šã確ä¿ããŠããŸãã
æš¹æšã®å€ç§æè¡ãšä¿®åŸ©ã®æªæ¥
æš¹æšå»è¡ã®åéã¯çµ¶ããé²åããŠãããåžžã«æ°ããç ç©¶ãæè¡ãç»å ŽããŠããŸããæš¹æšã®å€ç§æè¡ãšä¿®åŸ©ã®æªæ¥ã圢äœãäž»èŠãªãã¬ã³ãã«ã¯ã以äžã®ãããªãã®ããããŸãïŒ
- é«åºŠãªèšºæããŒã«ïŒ 鳿³¢ãã¢ã°ã©ãã£ãã¬ãžã¹ãã°ã©ããèµ€å€ç·ãµãŒã¢ã°ã©ãã£ãªã©ã®æè¡ã䜿çšããŠãæš¹æšã®å¥åº·ãšæ§é çå®å šæ§ãè©äŸ¡ããããšã
- çç©çé²é€å€ïŒ æš¹æšã®ç æ°ã害è«ã管çããããã®çç©çé²é€å€ã®éçºã
- æç¶å¯èœãªå®è·µïŒ ç°å¢ãžã®åœ±é¿ãæå°éã«æããæç¶å¯èœãªæš¹æšç®¡çã®å®è·µãžã®é¢å¿ã®é«ãŸãã
- éœåžææ¥ïŒ äœã¿ãããæç¶å¯èœãªéœåžãåµé ããäžã§ã®éœåžææ¥ã®éèŠæ§ã®å¢å€§ã
çµè«
æš¹æšã®å€ç§æè¡ãšä¿®åŸ©ã¯ãç§ãã¡ã®æš¹æšã®å¥åº·ãå®å šããããŠçŸãããç¶æããããã«äžå¯æ¬ ã§ããæš¹æšã®è§£ååŠãççåŠãããã³äžè¬çãªåé¡ãçè§£ããæš¹æšç®¡çã®ãã¹ããã©ã¯ãã£ã¹ã«åŸãããšã§ãç§ãã¡ã¯æš¹æšã次äžä»£ã«ããã£ãŠç¹æ ãç¶ããã®ãå©ããããšãã§ããŸããããªããããã®æš¹æšå»ã§ãããåºã«æ°æ¬ã®æšãæã€äœå® ææè ã§ããããã®ã¬ã€ãã¯æš¹æšç®¡çã«é¢ããæ å ±ã«åºã¥ããæ±ºå®ãäžãã®ã«åœ¹ç«ã€è²Žéãªæ å ±ãæäŸããŸãã