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Pythonã«ã¯ãã¡ã¿ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ãå¯èœã«ããããã€ãã®æ©èœããããŸããæãéèŠãªãã¯ããã¯ãããã€ã瀺ããŸãã
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ç°¡åãªäŸãèŠãŠã¿ãŸãããã
class MyMeta(type):
def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
attrs['attribute_added_by_metaclass'] = 'Hello from MyMeta!'
return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)
class MyClass(metaclass=MyMeta):
pass
obj = MyClass()
print(obj.attribute_added_by_metaclass) # Output: Hello from MyMeta!
ãã®äŸã§ã¯ãMyMetaã¯ãããã䜿çšãããã¹ãŠã®ã¯ã©ã¹ã«attribute_added_by_metaclassãšãã屿§ã远å ããã¡ã¿ã¯ã©ã¹ã§ããMyClassãäœæããããšãMyMetaã®__new__ã¡ãœãããåŒã³åºãããã¯ã©ã¹ãªããžã§ã¯ãã確å®ãããåã«å±æ§ã远å ãããŸãã
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- èªåç»é²ïŒãã©ã°ã€ã³ã·ã¹ãã ã§ã¯ãã¡ã¿ã¯ã©ã¹ã¯æ°ããã¯ã©ã¹ãäžå€®ã¬ãžã¹ããªã«èªåçã«ç»é²ã§ããŸãã
- ãªããžã§ã¯ã-ãªã¬ãŒã·ã§ãã«ãããã³ã°ïŒORMïŒïŒã¡ã¿ã¯ã©ã¹ã¯ãã¯ã©ã¹ãããŒã¿ããŒã¹ããŒãã«ã«ã屿§ãã«ã©ã ã«ãããã³ã°ããããã«ORMã§äœ¿çšãããŸãã
- ã·ã³ã°ã«ãã³ã®äœæïŒã¯ã©ã¹ã®ã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹ã1ã€ã ãäœæã§ããããã«ããŸãã
äŸïŒå±æ§ã¿ã€ãã®é©çš
ã¯ã©ã¹å ã®ãã¹ãŠã®å±æ§ãç¹å®ã®ã¿ã€ãïŒããšãã°ãæååïŒãæã€ããã«ããå¿ èŠãããã·ããªãªãèããŠã¿ãŸããããã¡ã¿ã¯ã©ã¹ã䜿çšããŠãããå®çŸã§ããŸãã
class StringAttributeMeta(type):
def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
for attr_name, attr_value in attrs.items():
if not attr_name.startswith('__') and not isinstance(attr_value, str):
raise TypeError(f"Attribute '{attr_name}' must be a string")
return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)
class MyClass(metaclass=StringAttributeMeta):
name = "John Doe"
age = 30 # This will raise a TypeError
ãã®å Žåãæååã§ã¯ãªã屿§ãå®çŸ©ããããšãããšãã¡ã¿ã¯ã©ã¹ã¯ã¯ã©ã¹ã®äœæäžã«TypeErrorãçºçãããã¯ã©ã¹ã誀ã£ãŠå®çŸ©ãããã®ãé²ããŸãã
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ãã³ã¬ãŒã¿ã¯ã颿°ãŸãã¯ã¯ã©ã¹ã倿ŽãŸãã¯åŒ·åããããã®æ§æçã«ãšã¬ã¬ã³ããªæ¹æ³ãæäŸããŸãããããã¯ããã®ã³ã°ãã¿ã€ãã³ã°ãèªèšŒãããã³æ€èšŒãªã©ã®ã¿ã¹ã¯ã«ãã䜿çšãããŸãã
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颿°ãã³ã¬ãŒã¿ã¯ãå¥ã®é¢æ°ãå
¥åãšããŠåãåããäœããã®æ¹æ³ã§å€æŽãã倿Žããã颿°ãè¿ã颿°ã§ãã@æ§æã¯ããã³ã¬ãŒã¿ã颿°ã«é©çšããããã«äœ¿çšãããŸãã
颿°ã®å®è¡æéããã°ã«èšé²ãããã³ã¬ãŒã¿ã®ç°¡åãªäŸã次ã«ç€ºããŸãã
import time
def timer(func):
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
start_time = time.time()
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
end_time = time.time()
print(f"Function '{func.__name__}' took {end_time - start_time:.4f} seconds")
return result
return wrapper
@timer
def my_function():
time.sleep(1)
my_function()
ãã®äŸã§ã¯ãtimerãã³ã¬ãŒã¿ã¯my_function颿°ãã©ããããŸããmy_functionãåŒã³åºããããšãwrapper颿°ãå®è¡ãããå®è¡æéãæž¬å®ãããã³ã³ãœãŒã«ã«åºåãããŸãã
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ã¯ã©ã¹ãã³ã¬ãŒã¿ã¯é¢æ°ãã³ã¬ãŒã¿ãšåæ§ã«æ©èœããŸããã颿°ã§ã¯ãªãã¯ã©ã¹ã倿ŽããŸãããããã¯ã屿§ãã¡ãœããã远å ããããæ¢åã®å±æ§ãã¡ãœããã倿Žãããããããã«äœ¿çšã§ããŸãã
ã¯ã©ã¹ã«ã¡ãœããã远å ããã¯ã©ã¹ãã³ã¬ãŒã¿ã®äŸã次ã«ç€ºããŸãã
def add_method(method):
def decorator(cls):
setattr(cls, method.__name__, method)
return cls
return decorator
def my_new_method(self):
print("This method was added by a decorator!")
@add_method(my_new_method)
class MyClass:
pass
obj = MyClass()
obj.my_new_method() # Output: This method was added by a decorator!
ãã®äŸã§ã¯ãadd_methodãã³ã¬ãŒã¿ã¯my_new_methodãMyClassã¯ã©ã¹ã«è¿œå ããŸããMyClassã®ã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹ãäœæããããšãæ°ããã¡ãœããã䜿çšå¯èœã«ãªããŸãã
ãã³ã¬ãŒã¿ã®å®çšçãªã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³
- ãã®ã³ã°ïŒé¢æ°ã®åŒã³åºããåŒæ°ãããã³æ»ãå€ããã°ã«èšé²ããŸãã
- èªèšŒïŒé¢æ°ãå®è¡ããåã«ããŠãŒã¶ãŒã®è³æ Œæ å ±ã確èªããŸãã
- ãã£ãã·ã¥ïŒããã©ãŒãã³ã¹ãåäžãããããã«ãã³ã¹ãã®ããã颿°åŒã³åºãã®çµæãä¿åããŸãã
- æ€èšŒïŒå ¥åãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãæ€èšŒããŠãç¹å®ã®åºæºãæºãããŠããããšã確èªããŸãã
- æ¿èªïŒãªãœãŒã¹ãžã®ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ãèš±å¯ããåã«ããŠãŒã¶ãŒã®ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹èš±å¯ã確èªããŸãã
ã€ã³ããã¹ãã¯ã·ã§ã³ïŒå®è¡æã«ãªããžã§ã¯ãã調ã¹ã
ã€ã³ããã¹ãã¯ã·ã§ã³ã¯ãå®è¡æã«ãªããžã§ã¯ãã®ããããã£ãšã¡ãœããã調ã¹ãæ©èœã§ããPythonã«ã¯ãtype()ãdir()ãgetattr()ãhasattr()ãããã³inspectã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ãªã©ãã€ã³ããã¹ãã¯ã·ã§ã³ããµããŒãããããã€ãã®çµã¿èŸŒã¿é¢æ°ãšã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ããããŸãã
type()ã®äœ¿çš
type()颿°ã¯ããªããžã§ã¯ãã®åãè¿ããŸãã
x = 5
print(type(x)) # Output: <class 'int'>
dir()ã®äœ¿çš
dir()颿°ã¯ããªããžã§ã¯ãã®å±æ§ãšã¡ãœããã®ãªã¹ããè¿ããŸãã
class MyClass:
def __init__(self):
self.name = "John"
obj = MyClass()
print(dir(obj))
# Output: ['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'name']
getattr()ããã³hasattr()ã®äœ¿çš
getattr()颿°ã¯å±æ§ã®å€ãååŸããhasattr()颿°ã¯ãªããžã§ã¯ãã«ç¹å®ã®å±æ§ããããã©ããã確èªããŸãã
class MyClass:
def __init__(self):
self.name = "John"
obj = MyClass()
if hasattr(obj, 'name'):
print(getattr(obj, 'name')) # Output: John
if hasattr(obj, 'age'):
print(getattr(obj, 'age'))
else:
print("Object does not have age attribute") # Output: Object does not have age attribute
inspectã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ã®äœ¿çš
inspectã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ã¯ã颿°ã®ãœãŒã¹ã³ãŒããååŸãããã颿°ã®åŒæ°ãååŸããããããªã©ããªããžã§ã¯ãããã詳现ã«èª¿ã¹ãããã®ããŸããŸãªé¢æ°ãæäŸããŸãã
import inspect
def my_function(a, b):
return a + b
source_code = inspect.getsource(my_function)
print(source_code)
# Output:
# def my_function(a, b):
# return a + b
signature = inspect.signature(my_function)
print(signature) # Output: (a, b)
ã€ã³ããã¹ãã¯ã·ã§ã³ã®ãŠãŒã¹ã±ãŒã¹
- ãããã°ïŒãªããžã§ã¯ãã調ã¹ãŠããã®ç¶æ ãšåäœãçè§£ããŸãã
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- ãã¬ãŒã ã¯ãŒã¯éçºïŒãã¬ãŒã ã¯ãŒã¯å ã®ã³ã³ããŒãã³ããåçã«æ€åºããŠäœ¿çšããŸãã
- ã·ãªã¢ã«åãšãã·ãªã¢ã«åïŒãªããžã§ã¯ãã調ã¹ãŠãã·ãªã¢ã«åããã³ãã·ãªã¢ã«åããæ¹æ³ã決å®ããŸãã
åçãªå±æ§ïŒæè»æ§ã®è¿œå
Pythonã§ã¯ãå®è¡æã«ãªããžã§ã¯ãã«å±æ§ã远å ãŸãã¯å€æŽã§ãããããéåžžã«æè»æ§ãé«ãŸããŸããããã¯ããŠãŒã¶ãŒå ¥åãŸãã¯å€éšããŒã¿ã«åºã¥ããŠå±æ§ã远å ããå¿ èŠãããå Žåã«åœ¹ç«ã¡ãŸãã
屿§ã®è¿œå
æ°ãã屿§åã«å€ãå²ãåœãŠãã ãã§ããªããžã§ã¯ãã«å±æ§ã远å ã§ããŸãã
class MyClass:
pass
obj = MyClass()
obj.new_attribute = "This is a new attribute"
print(obj.new_attribute) # Output: This is a new attribute
屿§ã®å€æŽ
æ¢åã®å±æ§ã®å€ã倿Žããã«ã¯ãæ°ããå€ãå²ãåœãŠãŸãã
class MyClass:
def __init__(self):
self.name = "John"
obj = MyClass()
obj.name = "Jane"
print(obj.name) # Output: Jane
setattr()ããã³delattr()ã®äœ¿çš
setattr()颿°ã䜿çšãããšå±æ§ã®å€ãèšå®ã§ããdelattr()颿°ã䜿çšãããšå±æ§ãåé€ã§ããŸãã
class MyClass:
def __init__(self):
self.name = "John"
obj = MyClass()
setattr(obj, 'age', 30)
print(obj.age) # Output: 30
delattr(obj, 'name')
if hasattr(obj, 'name'):
print(obj.name)
else:
print("Object does not have name attribute") # Output: Object does not have name attribute
åçãªå±æ§ã®ãŠãŒã¹ã±ãŒã¹
- æ§æïŒãã¡ã€ã«ãŸãã¯ããŒã¿ããŒã¹ããæ§æèšå®ãããŒããããªããžã§ã¯ãã®å±æ§ãšããŠå²ãåœãŠãŸãã
- ããŒã¿ãã€ã³ãã£ã³ã°ïŒããŒã¿ãœãŒã¹ãããªããžã§ã¯ãã®å±æ§ã«ããŒã¿ãåçã«ãã€ã³ãããŸãã
- ãã©ã°ã€ã³ã·ã¹ãã ïŒããŒãããããã©ã°ã€ã³ã«åºã¥ããŠãªããžã§ã¯ãã«å±æ§ã远å ããŸãã
- ãããã¿ã€ãã³ã°ïŒéçºããã»ã¹äžã«å±æ§ããã°ãã远å ããã³å€æŽããŸãã
ã³ãŒãçæïŒã³ãŒãäœæã®èªåå
ã³ãŒãçæãšã¯ãããã°ã©ã ã§ãœãŒã¹ã³ãŒããäœæããããšã§ããããã¯ãå埩çãªã³ãŒããçæãããããã³ãã¬ãŒãã«åºã¥ããŠã³ãŒããäœæããããã³ãŒããããŸããŸãªãã©ãããã©ãŒã ãŸãã¯ç°å¢ã«é©å¿ããããããã®ã«åœ¹ç«ã¡ãŸãã
æååæäœã®äœ¿çš
ã³ãŒããçæããç°¡åãªæ¹æ³ã®1ã€ã¯ãæååæäœã䜿çšããŠã³ãŒããæååãšããŠäœæããexec()颿°ã䜿çšããŠæååãå®è¡ããããšã§ãã
def generate_class(class_name, attributes):
code = f"class {class_name}:\n"
code += " def __init__(self, " + ", ".join(attributes) + "):\n"
for attr in attributes:
code += f" self.{attr} = {attr}\n"
return code
class_code = generate_class("MyGeneratedClass", ["name", "age"])
print(class_code)
# Output:
# class MyGeneratedClass:
# def __init__(self, name, age):
# self.name = name
# self.age = age
exec(class_code)
obj = MyGeneratedClass("John", 30)
print(obj.name, obj.age) # Output: John 30
ãã³ãã¬ãŒãã®äœ¿çš
ããé«åºŠãªã¢ãããŒãã¯ããã³ãã¬ãŒãã䜿çšããŠã³ãŒããçæããããšã§ããPythonã®string.Templateã¯ã©ã¹ã¯ããã³ãã¬ãŒããäœæããç°¡åãªæ¹æ³ãæäŸããŸãã
from string import Template
def generate_class_from_template(class_name, attributes):
template = Template("""
class $class_name:
def __init__(self, $attributes):
$attribute_assignments
""")
attribute_string = ", ".join(attributes)
attribute_assignments = "\n".join([f" self.{attr} = {attr}" for attr in attributes])
code = template.substitute(class_name=class_name, attributes=attribute_string, attribute_assignments=attribute_assignments)
return code
class_code = generate_class_from_template("MyTemplatedClass", ["name", "age"])
print(class_code)
# Output:
# class MyTemplatedClass:
# def __init__(self, name, age):
# self.name = name
# self.age = age
exec(class_code)
obj = MyTemplatedClass("John", 30)
print(obj.name, obj.age)
ã³ãŒãçæã®ãŠãŒã¹ã±ãŒã¹
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- APIã¯ã©ã€ã¢ã³ãçæïŒAPIå®çŸ©ã«åºã¥ããŠã¯ã©ã€ã¢ã³ãã³ãŒããçæããŸãã
- æ§æãã¡ã€ã«çæïŒãã³ãã¬ãŒããšãŠãŒã¶ãŒå ¥åã«åºã¥ããŠæ§æãã¡ã€ã«ãçæããŸãã
- ãã€ã©ãŒãã¬ãŒãã³ãŒãçæïŒæ°ãããããžã§ã¯ããŸãã¯ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ã®å埩çãªã³ãŒããçæããŸãã
ã¢ã³ããŒãããïŒå®è¡æã«ã³ãŒãã倿Žãã
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class MyClass:
def my_method(self):
print("Original method")
def new_method(self):
print("Monkey-patched method")
MyClass.my_method = new_method
obj = MyClass()
obj.my_method() # Output: Monkey-patched method
ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ã®å€æŽ
颿°ã眮ãæããããæ°ãã颿°ã远å ãããããããšã§ãã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ã倿Žããããšãã§ããŸãã
import math
def my_sqrt(x):
return x / 2 # Incorrect implementation for demonstration purposes
math.sqrt = my_sqrt
print(math.sqrt(4)) # Output: 2.0
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äŸïŒã¡ã¿ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ã«ããèªåAPIçæ
仿§ãã¡ã€ã«ïŒäŸïŒOpenAPI / SwaggerïŒã«åºã¥ããŠAPIã¯ã©ã€ã¢ã³ããçæããå¿ èŠãããã·ããªãªãæ³åããŠã¿ãŠãã ãããã¡ã¿ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ã䜿çšãããšããã®ããã»ã¹ãèªååã§ããŸãã
import json
def create_api_client(api_spec_path):
with open(api_spec_path, 'r') as f:
api_spec = json.load(f)
class_name = api_spec['title'].replace(' ', '') + 'Client'
class_attributes = {}
for path, path_data in api_spec['paths'].items():
for method, method_data in path_data.items():
operation_id = method_data['operationId']
def api_method(self, *args, **kwargs):
# Placeholder for API call logic
print(f"Calling {method.upper()} {path} with args: {args}, kwargs: {kwargs}")
# Simulate API response
return {"message": f"{operation_id} executed successfully"}
api_method.__name__ = operation_id # Set dynamic method name
class_attributes[operation_id] = api_method
ApiClient = type(class_name, (object,), class_attributes) # Dynamically create the class
return ApiClient
# Example API Specification (simplified)
api_spec_data = {
"title": "My Awesome API",
"paths": {
"/users": {
"get": {
"operationId": "getUsers"
},
"post": {
"operationId": "createUser"
}
},
"/products": {
"get": {
"operationId": "getProducts"
}
}
}
}
api_spec_path = "api_spec.json" # Create a dummy file for testing
with open(api_spec_path, 'w') as f:
json.dump(api_spec_data, f)
ApiClient = create_api_client(api_spec_path)
client = ApiClient()
print(client.getUsers())
print(client.createUser(name="New User", email="new@example.com"))
print(client.getProducts())
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