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çç©å€æ§æ§ïŒ æç²åªä»è ã¯ãéçæ€ç©ã®ç¹æ®ãæ¯ããããšã§çç©å€æ§æ§ã«ã倧ããè²¢ç®ããŠããŸãããããã®æ€ç©ã¯ãããŸããŸãªåç©çš®ã«çæ¯å°ã飿ãæäŸããçæ ç³»ã®å®å®æ§ãç¶æããŸããæç²åªä»è ã®åäœæ°ã®æžå°ã¯ãçæ ç³»å šäœã«é£éçãªåœ±é¿ãåãŒãå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã
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1. ã»ã€ãšãŠãããã (Apis mellifera)
ã»ã€ãšãŠããããã¯ããã®ç®¡çã®ãããããç€ŸäŒæ§é ããããŠåºç¯å²ã®äœç©ãæç²ããèœåãããäžçã§æãåºã管çãããŠããæç²åªä»è ã§ãã圌ãã¯éåžžã«å¹ççãªæ¡é€è ã§ãããå¿ èŠã«å¿ããŠæç²ãµãŒãã¹ãæäŸããããã«ç°ãªãå Žæã«èŒžéããããšãã§ããŸããã»ã€ãšãŠããããã¯ãã¢ãŒã¢ã³ãããªã³ãŽããã«ãŒããªãŒããã£ããŒã©ãããã¯ãªãªã©ã®äœç©ã§åºãå©çšãããŠããŸãã
äžççååžïŒ ã»ã€ãšãŠããããã¯å極倧éžãé€ããã¹ãŠã®å€§éžã§èŠãããå€çš®å€æ§ãªæ°åã蟲æ¥ã·ã¹ãã ã§ç®¡çãããŠããŸãããšãŒãããåç£ã®ã»ã€ãšãŠããããã¯ãäžçäžã®åæ¥çé€èäºæ¥ã§æãäžè¬çã«äœ¿çšãããäºçš®ã§ãã
2. ãã«ãããã (Bombus spp.)
ãã«ããããã¯ãæ¶Œããæ°æž©ãæãã®æ¡ä»¶äžã§ãæç²ããèœåã§ç¥ãããåšæ¥ã®æç²åªä»è ã§ãããåéšå°åãæž©å®€ã§æ œå¹ãããäœç©ã«ãšã£ãŠè²Žéã§ãã圌ãã¯ç¹ã«ããããããŒãã³ãããªãŒé¡ãªã©ã®äœç©ã®æç²ã«å¹æçã§ãããã«ããããã¯ãããºã»ããªããŒã·ã§ã³ããšåŒã°ãããé£ç¿çãæ¯åãããŠè±ããè±ç²ãæŸåºãããæ¹æ³ãçšããããã¯ç¹å®ã®æ€ç©çš®ã«ç¹ã«å¹æçã§ãã
å°åçéèŠæ§ïŒ ãã«ããããã¯ããªã©ã³ãããã«ã®ãŒãã«ãããªã©ããã€ãã®åœã§æž©å®€èŸ²æ¥çšã«åæ¥çã«é£Œè²ãããŠããŸããæ§ã ãªçš®ã®ãã«ãããããåå°åã«åšæ¥ããŠããããã®ç®¡çã«ã¯åœŒãã®çç©åŠãè¡åã«é¢ããå°éç¥èãå¿ èŠã§ãã
3. åç¬æ§ãã
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ããããªå¿çšïŒ åç¬æ§ããã¯ãã°ãã°å°èŠæš¡ãªäºæ¥ã§ç®¡çãããç¹æ®ããããã«ã¯ç¹å®ã®å¶å·£ç°å¢ãå¿ èŠãšããŸãããã®ç®¡çã«ã¯ãé©åãªå¶å·£ææãæäŸããæé£è ãå¯çè«ããä¿è·ããããšãå«ãŸããŸãã
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1. 巣箱管ç
宿çãªç¹æ€ïŒ 宿çãªå·£ç®±ã®ç¹æ€ã¯ãã³ãããŒã®å¥åº·ç¶æ ãç£èŠããç æ°ã害è«ã®å åãç¹å®ããååãªé£æè²¯èµã確ä¿ããããã«äžå¯æ¬ ã§ããç¹æ€ã¯æŽ»åæã«ã¯å°ãªããšãæ1åãåé¡ãçãããå Žåã¯ããé »ç¹ã«è¡ãã¹ãã§ãã
ç 害è«ç®¡çïŒ ããã¢ããã¯äžçäžã®ã»ã€ãšãŠããããã®ã³ãããŒã«ãšã£ãŠå€§ããªè åšã§ãã广çãªç®¡çæŠç¥ã«ã¯ãæ¿èªãããæ®ºããå€ã®äœ¿çšãç·åçç 害è«ç®¡çæè¡ããããŠæµææ§ã®ããããããã®ç³»çµ±ã®å©çšãå«ãŸããŸãããã®ä»ã®äžè¬çãªããããã®ç æ°ã«ã¯ãã¢ã¡ãªã«è èç ããšãŒãããè èç ãããŒãç ããããŸãã
女çããã®ç®¡çïŒ å¥³çããã¯ã³ãããŒã®ç¹æ®ã®äžå¿ã§ãã女çããã®å¥åº·ç¶æ ãç£èŠããè¡°ãã女çããã亀æããããšã¯ãã³ãããŒã®çç£æ§ãç¶æããããã«éèŠã§ãã女çããã®äº€æã¯ãèªç¶åèã人工æç²ŸããŸãã¯ä¿¡é Œã§ããããªãŒããŒãã亀尟æžã¿ã®å¥³çãããè³Œå ¥ããããšã§éæã§ããŸãã
æ é€ïŒ ãããããç¹æ ããããã«ã¯ãèïŒçæ°Žåç©ïŒãšè±ç²ïŒã¿ã³ãã¯è³ªïŒã®ãã©ã³ã¹ã®åããé£äºãå¿ èŠã§ããèãäžè¶³ããææã«ã¯ãç ç³æ°Žãè±ç²ä»£æ¿ç©ã«ããè£çµŠçµŠé€ãå¿ èŠã«ãªãå ŽåããããŸãã倿§ãªè±ã®è³æºãžã®ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ãæäŸããããšã¯ãé·æçãªã³ãããŒã®å¥åº·ã«äžå¯æ¬ ã§ãã
2. ããããã³ãããŒã®èŒžé
æºåïŒ ããããã®ã³ãããŒã茞éããåã«ã巣箱ããã£ãããšåºå®ãããé©åã«ææ°ãããŠããããšã確èªããŠãã ãããã¹ãã¬ã¹ãæå°éã«æãããããã³ãããŒã¯æ¶Œãã倿¹ãŸãã¯æ©æã«ç§»åãããã¹ãã§ãã
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3. æç²ã®å®è·µ
ã¿ã€ãã³ã°ïŒ è±ãåç²å¯èœãªææã«ããããã®ã³ãããŒãäœç©ã«é 眮ããŸããéè±ææãšå€©åæ¡ä»¶ãç£èŠããŠãæç²å¹çãæé©åããŸãã
å¯åºŠïŒ äœç©ã®çš®é¡ãè±ã®å¯åºŠãããã³ç°å¢æ¡ä»¶ã«åºã¥ããŠãåäœé¢ç©ãããã®ããããã³ãããŒã®é©åãªå¯åºŠã決å®ããŸããéå¯ã¯æç²å¹çã®äœäžãšããããã³ãããŒãžã®ã¹ãã¬ã¹å¢å ã«ã€ãªããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã
蟲è¬ç®¡çïŒ ããããã®ã³ãããŒãä¿è·ãããããéè±æéäžã®èŸ²è¬äœ¿çšãæå°éã«æããŸããèŸ²è¬æ£åžãå¿ èŠãªå Žåã¯ãããããã«å®å šãªè£œå€ã䜿çšããããããã®æŽ»åãå°ãªã倿¹ãŸãã¯æ©æã«æ£åžããŸãã蟲家ãšé£çµ¡ãåãåããèŸ²è¬æ£åžã調æŽããŠæç²åªä»è ãä¿è·ããŸãã
ã¢ãã¿ãªã³ã°ïŒ è±ã§ã®ããããã®æŽ»åã芳å¯ããçæãè©äŸ¡ããããšã§æç²ã®å¹æãç£èŠããŸããæé©ãªæç²çµæãéæããããã«ãå¿ èŠã«å¿ããŠããããã³ãããŒã®å¯åºŠãç®¡çæ¹æ³ã調æŽããŸãã
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1. ããã¢ãã (Varroa destructor)
ããã¢ããã¯ãããããã®è¡ãªã³ãïŒè¡æ¶²ïŒãåžãããŠã€ã«ã¹ãåªä»ããå€éšå¯çè«ã§ãã圌ãã¯ããããã®ã³ãããŒã匱ãããèèã®çç£ãæžå°ãããä»ã®ç æ°ã«å¯Ÿããæåæ§ãé«ããŸããããã¢ããã¯äžçäžã®ã³ãããŒæå€±ã®äž»èŠãªèŠå ã§ãã
ç®¡çæŠç¥ïŒ 广çãªããã¢ããã®ç®¡çã«ã¯ãååŠçããã³éååŠçãªæ¹æ³ã®çµã¿åãããå¿ èŠã§ããååŠçåŠçã«ã¯ãã¢ããã©ãºããã¢ãŒã«ãã·ã¥ãŠé žãªã©ã®æ¿èªãããæ®ºããå€ã®äœ¿çšãå«ãŸããŸããéååŠçãªæ¹æ³ã«ã¯ãéèã®å·£æ¿ã®é€å»ãç¶²åºæ¿ãæµææ§ã®ããããããã®ç³»çµ±ã®å©çšããããŸãã
2. è矀厩å£çå矀 (CCD)
è矀厩å£çå矀ïŒCCDïŒã¯ãã³ãããŒããåããããçªç¶å€±ãããã³ãããŒã®æ»ã«è³ãçŸè±¡ã§ããCCDã®æ£ç¢ºãªåå ã¯äžæã§ããã蟲è¬ãç åäœãæ é€å€±èª¿ãã¹ãã¬ã¹ãªã©ã®èŠå ãå¯äžããŠãããšèããããŠããŸãã
ç ç©¶ã®åãçµã¿ïŒ ç ç©¶è ãã¡ã¯CCDã®åå ãç©æ¥µçã«èª¿æ»ãããã®åœ±é¿ãç·©åããããã®æŠç¥ãéçºããŠããŸãããããã®åãçµã¿ã«ã¯ãããããã®éºäŒåŠãæ é€ãå ç«æ©èœã®ç ç©¶ããããŠããæç¶å¯èœãªé€èæ¹æ³ã®éçºãå«ãŸããŸãã
3. çæ¯å°ã®åªå€±ãšè±è³æºã®æžå°
éœåžåã蟲æ¥ã®éçŽåãæ£®æäŒæ¡ã«ããçæ¯å°ã®åªå€±ã¯ããããããå©çšã§ããè±è³æºãæžå°ãããŸããããã¯æ é€å€±èª¿ãã³ãããŒã®å¥åº·äœäžãç æ°ãžã®æåæ§ã®å¢å ã«ã€ãªããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã
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4. 蟲è¬ãžã®æŽé²
ããããã¯ãæ±æãããè±ç²ãèãæ°ŽãéããŠèŸ²è¬ã«æŽé²ãããŸããå šèº«æ§æ®ºè«å€ã®äžçš®ã§ããããªãã³ããã€ãã¯ãããããã«å¯Ÿããç¥çµæ¯æ§å¹æã®ãããããããã®æžå°ã«é¢äžããŠãããšãããŠããŸãã蟲è¬ãžã®æŽé²ã¯ãããããã®æ¡é€è¡åãããã²ãŒã·ã§ã³èœåãå ç«æ©èœãæãªãå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã
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5. æ°åå€å
æ°åå€åã¯ãéè±ææãå€åãããããããã®æ¡é€æŽ»åãšè±ã®å©çšå¯èœæ§ã®éã«ãã¹ããããçããããŠããŸããå¹²ã°ã€ã措氎ãç±æ³¢ãªã©ã®æ¥µç«¯ãªæ°è±¡çŸè±¡ããããããã®åäœæ°ã«æªåœ±é¿ãåãŒãå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã
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1. äœç©åé
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2. 飿å®å šä¿é
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