ファントム型：堅牢なソフトウェアのためのコンパイル時ブランド強制

            {-# LANGUAGE DataKinds #-}
{-# LANGUAGE GADTs #-}

-- Define a kind (a type-level "type") to represent units
data Unit = Meters | Feet

-- Define a GADT for our phantom type
data MeterOrFeet (u :: Unit) where
  Length :: Double -> MeterOrFeet u

-- Type synonyms for clarity
type Meters = MeterOrFeet 'Meters
type Feet = MeterOrFeet 'Feet

-- Function that expects meters
addMeters :: Meters -> Meters -> Meters
addMeters (Length l1) (Length l2) = Length (l1 + l2)

-- Function that accepts any length but returns meters
convertAndAdd :: MeterOrFeet u -> MeterOrFeet v -> Meters
convertAndAdd (Length l1) (Length l2) = Length (l1 + l2) -- Simplified for example, real conversion logic needed

main :: IO ()
main = do
  let fiveMeters = Length 5.0 :: Meters
  let tenMeters = Length 10.0 :: Meters
  let resultMeters = addMeters fiveMeters tenMeters
  print resultMeters

  -- The following line would cause a compile-time error:
  -- let fiveFeet = Length 5.0 :: Feet
  -- let mixedResult = addMeters fiveMeters fiveFeet

            

              
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// Using Scala 3's opaque types for cleaner phantom types
object PhantomTypes {

  // Phantom type tag for Admin role
  trait AdminRoleTag
  type Admin = UserId with AdminRoleTag

  // Phantom type tag for Guest role
  trait GuestRoleTag
  type Guest = UserId with GuestRoleTag

  // The underlying type, which is just an Int
  opaque type UserId = Int

  // Helper to create a UserId
  def apply(id: Int): UserId = id

  // Extension methods to create branded types
  extension (uid: UserId) {
    def asAdmin: Admin = uid.asInstanceOf[Admin]
    def asGuest: Guest = uid.asInstanceOf[Guest]
  }

  // Function requiring an Admin
  def deleteUser(adminId: Admin, userIdToDelete: UserId): Unit = {
    println(s"Admin $adminId deleting user $userIdToDelete")
  }

  // Function for general users
  def viewProfile(userId: UserId): Unit = {
    println(s"Viewing profile for user $userId")
  }

  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
    val regularUserId = UserId(123)
    val adminUserId = UserId(1)

    viewProfile(regularUserId)
    viewProfile(adminUserId.asInstanceOf[UserId]) // Must cast back to UserId for general functions

    val adminUser: Admin = adminUserId.asAdmin
    deleteUser(adminUser, regularUserId)

    // The following line would cause a compile-time error:
    // deleteUser(regularUserId.asInstanceOf[Admin], regularUserId)
    // deleteUser(regularUserId, regularUserId) // Incorrect types passed
  }
}

            

              
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// Define branded types for different currencies
// We use opaque interfaces to ensure the branding is not erased

// Brand for US Dollars
interface USD {}
// Brand for Euros
interface EUR {}

type UsdAmount = number & { __brand: USD };
type EurAmount = number & { __brand: EUR };

// Helper functions to create branded amounts
function createUsdAmount(amount: number): UsdAmount {
  return amount as UsdAmount;
}

function createEurAmount(amount: number): EurAmount {
  return amount as EurAmount;
}

// Function that adds two USD amounts
function addUsd(a: UsdAmount, b: UsdAmount): UsdAmount {
  return createUsdAmount(a + b);
}

// Function that adds two EUR amounts
function addEur(a: EurAmount, b: EurAmount): EurAmount {
  return createEurAmount(a + b);
}

// Function that converts EUR to USD (hypothetical rate)
function eurToUsd(amount: EurAmount, rate: number = 1.1): UsdAmount {
  return createUsdAmount(amount * rate);
}

// --- Usage ---

const salaryUsd = createUsdAmount(50000);
const bonusUsd = createUsdAmount(5000);

const totalSalaryUsd = addUsd(salaryUsd, bonusUsd);
console.log(`Total Salary (USD): ${totalSalaryUsd}`);

const rentEur = createEurAmount(1500);
const utilitiesEur = createEurAmount(200);

const totalRentEur = addEur(rentEur, utilitiesEur);
console.log(`Total Utilities (EUR): ${totalRentEur}`);

// Example of conversion and addition
const eurConvertedToUsd = eurToUsd(totalRentEur);
const finalUsdAmount = addUsd(totalSalaryUsd, eurConvertedToUsd);
console.log(`Final Amount in USD: ${finalUsdAmount}`);

// The following lines would cause compile-time errors:

// Error: Argument of type 'UsdAmount' is not assignable to parameter of type 'EurAmount'.
// const invalidAdditionEur = addEur(salaryUsd as any, rentEur);

// Error: Argument of type 'EurAmount' is not assignable to parameter of type 'UsdAmount'.
// const invalidAdditionUsd = addUsd(rentEur as any, bonusUsd);

// Error: Argument of type 'number' is not assignable to parameter of type 'UsdAmount'.
// const directNumberUsd = addUsd(1000, bonusUsd);


            

              
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use std::marker::PhantomData;

// Phantom type for Read-Only permission
struct ReadOnlyTag;
// Phantom type for Read-Write permission
struct ReadWriteTag;

// A generic 'User' struct that holds some data
struct User {
    id: u32,
    name: String,
}

// The phantom type struct itself
struct UserWithPermission<P> {
    user: User,
    _permission: PhantomData<P> // PhantomData to tie the type parameter P
}

impl<P> UserWithPermission<P> {
    // Constructor for a generic user with a permission tag
    fn new(user: User) -> Self {
        UserWithPermission { user, _permission: PhantomData }
    }
}

// Implement methods specific to ReadOnly users
impl UserWithPermission<ReadOnlyTag> {
    fn read_user_info(&self) {
        println!("Read-only access: User ID: {}, Name: {}", self.user.id, self.user.name);
    }
}

// Implement methods specific to ReadWrite users
impl UserWithPermission<ReadWriteTag> {
    fn write_user_info(&self) {
        println!("Read-write access: Modifying user ID: {}, Name: {}", self.user.id, self.user.name);
        // In a real scenario, you'd modify self.user here
    }
}

fn main() {
    let base_user = User { id: 1, name: "Alice".to_string() };

    // Create a read-only user
    let read_only_user = UserWithPermission::new(base_user); // Type inferred as UserWithPermission<ReadOnlyTag>

    // Attempting to write will fail at compile time
    // read_only_user.write_user_info(); // Error: no method named `write_user_info`...

    read_only_user.read_user_info();

    let another_base_user = User { id: 2, name: "Bob".to_string() };
    // Create a read-write user
    let read_write_user = UserWithPermission::new(another_base_user);

    read_write_user.read_user_info(); // Read methods are often available if not shadowed
    read_write_user.write_user_info();

    // Type checking ensures we don't mix them unintentionally.
    // The compiler knows that read_only_user is of type UserWithPermission<ReadOnlyTag>
    // and read_write_user is of type UserWithPermission<ReadWriteTag>.
}

            

              
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