JavaScriptの`using`文：例外安全なリソース管理とクリーンアップ保証の徹底解説

            function processFile(filePath) {
  let fileHandle;
  try {
    fileHandle = openFile(filePath, 'r');
    // Perform operations with fileHandle
    const content = readFile(fileHandle);
    console.log(`File content: ${content}`);
    // Potentially throw an error here
    if (content.includes('error')) {
      throw new Error('Specific error found in file content');
    }
  } finally {
    if (fileHandle) {
      closeFile(fileHandle); // Guaranteed cleanup
      console.log('File handle closed.');
    }
  }
}

// Assume openFile, readFile, closeFile are synchronous mock functions
const mockFiles = {};
function openFile(path, mode) {
  console.log(`Opening file: ${path}`);
  if (mockFiles[path]) return mockFiles[path];
  const newHandle = { id: Math.random(), path, mode, isOpen: true, content: 'Some important data for processing.' };
  if (path === 'errorFile.txt') {
    newHandle.content = 'This file contains an error string.';
  }
  mockFiles[path] = newHandle;
  return newHandle;
}
function readFile(handle) {
  if (!handle || !handle.isOpen) throw new Error('Invalid file handle.');
  console.log(`Reading from file: ${handle.path}`);
  return handle.content;
}
function closeFile(handle) {
  if (handle) {
    console.log(`Closing file: ${handle.path}`);
    handle.isOpen = false;
    delete mockFiles[handle.path]; // Cleanup mock
  }
}

try {
  processFile('data.txt');
  console.log('---');
  processFile('errorFile.txt'); // This will throw
} catch (e) {
  console.error(`Caught an error: ${e.message}`);
}
// Expected output will show 'File handle closed.' even for the error case.
            

              
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            class SyncResource {
  constructor(name) {
    this.name = name;
    console.log(`SyncResource '${this.name}' acquired.`);
  }

  [Symbol.dispose]() {
    console.log(`SyncResource '${this.name}' disposed synchronously.`);
  }

  doWork() {
    console.log(`SyncResource '${this.name}' performing work.`);
    if (this.name === 'errorResource') {
      throw new Error(`Error during work for ${this.name}`);
    }
  }
}
            

              
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            class AsyncResource {
  constructor(id) {
    this.id = id;
    console.log(`AsyncResource '${this.id}' acquired.`);
  }

  async [Symbol.asyncDispose]() {
    console.log(`AsyncResource '${this.id}' initiating async disposal...`);
    await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 50)); // Simulate async operation
    console.log(`AsyncResource '${this.id}' disposed asynchronously.`);
  }

  async fetchData() {
    console.log(`AsyncResource '${this.id}' fetching data.`);
    await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 20));
    return `Data from ${this.id}`;
  }
}
            

              
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            // Synchronous using
function demonstrateSyncUsing() {
  using resourceA = new SyncResource('first'); // resourceA will be disposed when this block exits
  resourceA.doWork();

  if (Math.random() > 0.5) {
    console.log('Exiting early due to condition.');
    return; // resourceA is still disposed
  }

  // Nested using
  {
    using resourceB = new SyncResource('nested'); // resourceB disposed when inner block exits
    resourceB.doWork();
  } // resourceB disposed here

  console.log('Continuing with resourceA.');
} // resourceA disposed here

demonstrateSyncUsing();
console.log('---');

try {
  function demonstrateSyncUsingWithError() {
    using errorResource = new SyncResource('errorResource');
    errorResource.doWork(); // This will throw an error
    console.log('This line will not be reached.');
  } // errorResource is guaranteed to be disposed BEFORE the error propagates out

  demonstrateSyncUsingWithError();
} catch (e) {
  console.error(`Caught error from demonstrateSyncUsingWithError: ${e.message}`);
}
            

              
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            // Using the same mock openFile, readFile, closeFile from above (re-declared for context)
const mockFiles = {};
function openFile(path, mode) {
  console.log(`Opening file: ${path}`);
  if (mockFiles[path]) return mockFiles[path];
  const newHandle = { id: Math.random(), path, mode, isOpen: true, content: 'Some important data for processing.' };
  if (path === 'errorFile.txt') {
    newHandle.content = 'This file contains an error string.';
  }
  mockFiles[path] = newHandle;
  return newHandle;
}
function readFile(handle) {
  if (!handle || !handle.isOpen) throw new Error('Invalid file handle.');
  console.log(`Reading from file: ${handle.path}`);
  return handle.content;
}
function closeFile(handle) {
  if (handle) {
    console.log(`Closing file: ${handle.path}`);
    handle.isOpen = false;
    delete mockFiles[handle.path]; // Cleanup mock
  }
}

function processFileManual(filePath) {
  let fileHandle;
  try {
    fileHandle = openFile(filePath, 'r');
    const content = readFile(fileHandle);
    console.log(`Processing content from '${filePath}': ${content.substring(0, 20)}...`);
    // Simulate an error based on content
    if (content.includes('error')) {
      throw new Error(`Detected problematic content in '${filePath}'.`);
    }
    return content.length;
  } finally {
    if (fileHandle) {
      closeFile(fileHandle);
      console.log(`Resource '${filePath}' cleaned up via finally.`);
    }
  }
}

console.log('--- Demonstrating manual try...finally cleanup ---');
try {
  processFileManual('safe.txt'); // Assume 'safe.txt' has no 'error'
  processFileManual('errorFile.txt'); // This will throw
} catch (e) {
  console.error(`Error caught outside: ${e.message}`);
}
console.log('--- End manual try...finally ---');
            

              
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            // Redefine mock functions for clarity with Disposable
const disposableMockFiles = {};
class DisposableFileHandle {
  constructor(path, mode) {
    this.path = path;
    this.mode = mode;
    this.isOpen = true;
    this.content = (path === 'errorFile.txt') ? 'This file contains an error string.' : 'Some important data.';
    disposableMockFiles[path] = this;
    console.log(`DisposableFileHandle '${this.path}' opened.`);
  }

  read() {
    if (!this.isOpen) throw new Error(`File handle '${this.path}' is closed.`);
    console.log(`Reading from DisposableFileHandle '${this.path}'.`);
    return this.content;
  }

  [Symbol.dispose]() {
    if (this.isOpen) {
      this.isOpen = false;
      delete disposableMockFiles[this.path];
      console.log(`DisposableFileHandle '${this.path}' disposed via Symbol.dispose.`);
    }
  }
}

function processFileUsing(filePath) {
  using file = new DisposableFileHandle(filePath, 'r'); // Automatically disposes 'file'
  const content = file.read();
  console.log(`Processing content from '${filePath}': ${content.substring(0, 20)}...`);

  if (content.includes('error')) {
    throw new Error(`Detected problematic content in '${filePath}'.`);
  }
  return content.length;
}

console.log('--- Demonstrating using statement cleanup ---');
try {
  processFileUsing('safe.txt');
  processFileUsing('errorFile.txt'); // This will throw
} catch (e) {
  console.error(`Error caught outside: ${e.message}`);
}
console.log('--- End using statement ---');
            

              
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            class NestedResource {
  constructor(id) {
    this.id = id;
    console.log(`Resource ${this.id} acquired.`);
  }

  [Symbol.dispose]() {
    console.log(`Resource ${this.id} disposed.`);
  }

  performAction() {
    console.log(`Resource ${this.id} performing action.`);
    if (this.id === 'inner' && Math.random() < 0.3) {
      throw new Error(`Error in inner resource ${this.id}`);
    }
  }
}

function manageNestedResources() {
  console.log('--- Entering manageNestedResources ---');
  using outer = new NestedResource('outer');
  outer.performAction();

  try {
    using inner = new NestedResource('inner');
    inner.performAction();
    console.log('Both inner and outer resources completed successfully.');
  } catch (e) {
    console.error(`Caught exception in inner block: ${e.message}`);
  } // inner is disposed here, before outer block continues or exits

  outer.performAction(); // Outer resource is still active here if no error
  console.log('--- Exiting manageNestedResources ---');
} // outer is disposed here

manageNestedResources();
console.log('---');
manageNestedResources(); // Run again to potentially hit the error case
            

              
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            class AsyncNetworkConnection {
  constructor(url) {
    this.url = url;
    this.isConnected = false;
    console.log(`Attempting to connect to ${this.url}...`);
    // Simulate async connection establishment
    this.connectPromise = new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(() => {
      this.isConnected = true;
      console.log(`Connected to ${this.url}.`);
      resolve();
    }, 50));
  }

  async ensureConnected() {
    await this.connectPromise;
  }

  async sendData(data) {
    await this.ensureConnected();
    console.log(`Sending '${data}' over ${this.url}.`);
    await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 30)); // Simulate network latency
    if (data.includes('critical_error')) {
      throw new Error(`Network error sending '${data}'.`);
    }
    return `Data '${data}' sent successfully.`
  }

  async [Symbol.asyncDispose]() {
    if (this.isConnected) {
      console.log(`Disconnecting from ${this.url} asynchronously...`);
      await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 100)); // Simulate async disconnect
      this.isConnected = false;
      console.log(`Disconnected from ${this.url}.`);
    } else {
      console.log(`Connection to ${this.url} was already closed or failed to connect.`);
    }
  }
}

async function handleNetworkRequest(targetUrl, payload) {
  console.log(`--- Handling request for ${targetUrl} ---`);
  // 'await using' ensures the connection is closed asynchronously
  await using connection = new AsyncNetworkConnection(targetUrl);
  await connection.ensureConnected(); // Ensure connection is ready before sending

  try {
    const response = await connection.sendData(payload);
    console.log(`Response: ${response}`);
  } catch (e) {
    console.error(`Caught error during sendData: ${e.message}`);
    // Even if an error occurs here, 'connection' will still be asynchronously disposed
  }
  console.log(`--- Finished handling request for ${targetUrl} ---`);
} // 'connection' is asynchronously disposed here

async function runAsyncExamples() {
  await handleNetworkRequest('api.example.com/data', 'hello_world');
  console.log('\n--- Next request ---\n');
  await handleNetworkRequest('api.example.com/critical', 'critical_error_data'); // This will throw
  console.log('\n--- All requests processed ---\n');
}

runAsyncExamples().catch(err => console.error(`Top-level async error: ${err.message}`));
            

              
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            // Example: A hypothetical database transaction manager
class DbTransaction {
  constructor(dbConnection) {
    this.db = dbConnection;
    this.isActive = false;
    console.log('DbTransaction: Initializing...');
  }

  async begin() {
    console.log('DbTransaction: Beginning transaction...');
    // Simulate async DB operation
    await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 50));
    this.isActive = true;
    console.log('DbTransaction: Transaction active.');
  }

  async commit() {
    if (!this.isActive) throw new Error('Transaction not active.');
    console.log('DbTransaction: Committing transaction...');
    await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 100)); // Simulate async commit
    this.isActive = false;
    console.log('DbTransaction: Transaction committed.');
  }

  async rollback() {
    if (!this.isActive) return; // Nothing to roll back if not active
    console.log('DbTransaction: Rolling back transaction...');
    await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 80)); // Simulate async rollback
    this.isActive = false;
    console.log('DbTransaction: Transaction rolled back.');
  }

  async [Symbol.asyncDispose]() {
    if (this.isActive) {
      // If the transaction is still active when scope exits, it means it wasn't committed.
      // We should roll it back to prevent inconsistencies.
      console.warn('DbTransaction: Transaction not explicitly committed, rolling back during disposal.');
      await this.rollback();
    }
    console.log('DbTransaction: Resource cleanup complete.');
  }
}

// Example usage
async function performDatabaseOperation(dbConnection, shouldError) {
  console.log('\n--- Starting database operation ---');
  await using tx = new DbTransaction(dbConnection); // tx will be disposed
  await tx.begin();

  try {
    // Perform some database writes/reads
    console.log('DbTransaction: Performing data operations...');
    await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 70));

    if (shouldError) {
      throw new Error('Simulated database write error.');
    }

    await tx.commit();
    console.log('DbTransaction: Operation successful, transaction committed.');
  } catch (e) {
    console.error(`DbTransaction: Error during operation: ${e.message}`);
    // Rollback is implicitly handled by [Symbol.asyncDispose] if commit wasn't reached,
    // but explicit rollback here can also be used if preferred for immediate feedback
    // await tx.rollback();
    throw e; // Re-throw to propagate the error
  }
  console.log('--- Database operation finished ---');
}

// Mock DB connection
const mockDb = {};

async function runDbExamples() {
  await performDatabaseOperation(mockDb, false);
  await performDatabaseOperation(mockDb, true).catch(err => {
    console.error(`Top-level caught DB error: ${err.message}`);
  });
}

runDbExamples();
            

              
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