The Ultimate Guide to Tarantula and Scorpion Keeping: A Global Perspective

Welcome to the fascinating world of tarantula and scorpion keeping! These captivating creatures, belonging to the arachnid family, have gained popularity as exotic pets across the globe. This comprehensive guide will provide you with the knowledge and practical advice needed to successfully care for these invertebrates, regardless of your location or prior experience. We will explore various species, their natural habitats, enclosure requirements, feeding habits, handling techniques, and health considerations, offering a global perspective on responsible arachnid keeping.

Why Keep Tarantulas and Scorpions?

The appeal of keeping tarantulas and scorpions stems from their unique beauty, intriguing behaviors, and relatively low-maintenance care requirements (compared to traditional pets like dogs or cats). They are also excellent educational tools, providing insights into invertebrate biology, ecology, and conservation. While not cuddly companions, they offer a rewarding experience for those who appreciate the wonders of the natural world. Before acquiring a tarantula or scorpion, it is crucial to research local regulations regarding exotic pet ownership, as laws vary significantly from country to country and even region to region. For example, some countries may require permits for certain species, while others may prohibit the keeping of venomous animals altogether.

Understanding Tarantulas and Scorpions

Tarantulas

Tarantulas are large, hairy spiders belonging to the family Theraphosidae. They are found in various habitats across the globe, including tropical rainforests, deserts, and grasslands. Their lifespan ranges from a few years to several decades, depending on the species. Tarantulas are generally docile creatures, but some species are more defensive than others. It's important to understand the temperament of the specific species you are considering keeping.

Tarantula Anatomy

Understanding tarantula anatomy is crucial for proper care. Key features include:

Cephalothorax: The fused head and thorax.
Abdomen: The posterior part of the body.
Chelicerae: The mouthparts, including fangs.
Pedipalps: Leg-like appendages near the mouth used for sensing and manipulating food.
Legs: Eight legs, each with claws for gripping surfaces.
Spinnerets: Located at the tip of the abdomen, used for spinning silk.

Scorpions

Scorpions are arachnids characterized by their segmented tail, which ends in a venomous stinger. They are found in a wide range of habitats, from deserts to rainforests, and are known for their nocturnal habits. Scorpion venom varies in potency, with some species posing a significant threat to humans.

Scorpion Anatomy

Key features of scorpion anatomy include:

Cephalothorax: The fused head and thorax.
Abdomen: The preabdomen and postabdomen (tail).
Chelicerae: The mouthparts, including pincers.
Pedipalps: Large pincers used for capturing prey.
Legs: Eight legs.
Telson: The stinger at the end of the tail.

Choosing the Right Species

Selecting the right tarantula or scorpion species is crucial for success. Consider your experience level, available space, and tolerance for potentially venomous species. For beginners, docile and hardy species are recommended.

Beginner-Friendly Tarantula Species

Chilean Rose Hair Tarantula (Grammostola rosea): Known for its docile nature and easy care.
Mexican Red Knee Tarantula (Brachypelma hamorii): A popular choice for beginners due to its calm temperament and striking appearance.
Curly Hair Tarantula (Tliltocatl albopilosus): A hardy and relatively docile species with distinctive curly hairs.

Beginner-Friendly Scorpion Species

Emperor Scorpion (Pandinus imperator): A large, docile scorpion with relatively mild venom. Native to West Africa.
Flat Rock Scorpion (Hadogenes paucidens): Docile and communal scorpion, typically native to South Africa.

Species to Avoid for Beginners

Some species are more challenging to keep due to their speed, aggression, or potent venom. These are best left to experienced keepers.

Ornamental Tarantulas (Poecilotheria spp.): Known for their speed, potent venom, and arboreal lifestyle. Native to India and Sri Lanka.
Baboon Tarantulas (Hysterocrates spp.): Aggressive and defensive tarantulas. Native to Africa.
Deathstalker Scorpion (Leiurus quinquestriatus): Highly venomous scorpion found in North Africa and the Middle East.

Enclosure Setup

Creating the right enclosure is essential for the health and well-being of your tarantula or scorpion. The enclosure should mimic the natural habitat of the species you are keeping.

Enclosure Size

The size of the enclosure depends on the size of the tarantula or scorpion and its lifestyle (terrestrial, arboreal, or burrowing). As a general rule, the enclosure should be at least three times the leg span of the tarantula or scorpion in length and width. Arboreal species require taller enclosures.

Substrate

The substrate is the material that lines the bottom of the enclosure. The type of substrate depends on the species and its natural habitat. Common substrates include:

Coco fiber: A popular choice for tropical species, as it retains moisture well.
Peat moss: Another good option for tropical species.
Sand: Suitable for desert species.
Vermiculite: Can be mixed with other substrates to improve moisture retention.
Topsoil (organic, without pesticides or fertilizers): Can be used as the base for bioactive enclosures.

Hides and Decor

Tarantulas and scorpions need hides to feel secure. Hides can be made from cork bark, driftwood, rocks (be sure to secure them to prevent collapses), or commercial reptile hides. Decorating the enclosure with plants (live or artificial) can also enhance the animal's well-being and create a more natural environment.

Temperature and Humidity

Maintaining the correct temperature and humidity is crucial. The ideal temperature and humidity levels depend on the species. Most tarantulas and scorpions thrive at temperatures between 75-85°F (24-29°C) and humidity levels between 60-80%. Desert species require lower humidity levels. Use a thermometer and hygrometer to monitor temperature and humidity. Heat mats or ceramic heat emitters can be used to provide supplemental heat. Mist the enclosure regularly to maintain humidity.

Lighting

Tarantulas and scorpions do not require special lighting. However, a low-wattage light can be used to observe them at night. Avoid direct sunlight, as it can overheat the enclosure. If using live plants, appropriate plant lighting will be necessary.

Ventilation

Proper ventilation is important to prevent the buildup of mold and bacteria. Ensure that the enclosure has adequate ventilation by using a screen lid or adding ventilation holes.

Bioactive Enclosures

Bioactive enclosures are self-sustaining ecosystems that mimic the natural environment of the animal. They include live plants, beneficial invertebrates (such as springtails and isopods), and a layer of organic substrate. Bioactive enclosures require more initial setup and maintenance, but they can provide a more enriching environment for your tarantula or scorpion. They also greatly reduce the need for manual cleaning of the enclosure.

Feeding

Tarantulas and scorpions are carnivores and primarily feed on insects. The size of the prey should be appropriate for the size of the tarantula or scorpion.

Prey Items

Common prey items include:

Crickets: A readily available and nutritious food source.
Roaches: Dubia roaches are a popular choice due to their high protein content and ease of breeding.
Mealworms: A good source of fat.
Superworms: Larger than mealworms and a good source of protein and fat.
Waxworms: High in fat and should be fed sparingly.
Locusts: A good option for larger tarantulas and scorpions, commonly available in Europe and other regions.

Feeding Frequency

Feeding frequency depends on the age and size of the tarantula or scorpion. Spiderlings (young tarantulas) should be fed more frequently (2-3 times per week) than adults (once every 1-2 weeks). Scorpions also have similar feeding schedules, though adults may go weeks without eating, particularly during molting periods. Observe your animal's abdomen; a plump abdomen indicates a well-fed tarantula or scorpion, while a shrunken abdomen suggests that it needs to be fed.

Feeding Techniques

Live prey can be released into the enclosure. Some keepers prefer to offer prey directly using tongs to prevent the prey from escaping or burrowing. Remove any uneaten prey items after 24 hours to prevent them from stressing the tarantula or scorpion. Never leave live crickets in the enclosure during molting, as they can potentially harm the defenseless animal.

Water

Tarantulas and scorpions obtain most of their moisture from their prey. However, a shallow water dish should always be available. The water dish should be shallow enough to prevent the tarantula or scorpion from drowning. You can also mist the enclosure regularly to provide additional moisture, especially for tropical species.

Handling

Handling tarantulas and scorpions is generally not recommended, as it can stress the animal and increase the risk of bites or stings. However, if handling is necessary (e.g., for enclosure maintenance or health checks), take the following precautions:

Tarantula Handling

Assess the tarantula's temperament: Observe the tarantula's behavior before attempting to handle it. If it is defensive or agitated, do not handle it.
Use a soft brush: Gently coax the tarantula onto a soft brush or into a container.
Avoid sudden movements: Move slowly and deliberately to avoid startling the tarantula.
Handle over a soft surface: If the tarantula falls, it is less likely to be injured.
Never handle a tarantula that is about to molt: During molting, tarantulas are extremely vulnerable.

Important Note: Some tarantula species possess urticating hairs on their abdomen, which they can flick off as a defense mechanism. These hairs can cause irritation and allergic reactions in humans. Wear gloves and eye protection when handling these species.

Scorpion Handling

Never handle venomous scorpions: Only experienced keepers should handle scorpions, and only with extreme caution. Handling venomous scorpions should be avoided completely.
Use long tongs or forceps: If necessary to move a scorpion, use long tongs or forceps to gently grasp it by the tail.
Avoid squeezing the scorpion: Apply only enough pressure to prevent it from escaping.
Be aware of the stinger: Keep the scorpion's stinger pointed away from you.

Molting

Molting is a natural process in which tarantulas and scorpions shed their exoskeleton. During molting, they are extremely vulnerable and should not be disturbed.

Signs of Molting

Decreased appetite: The tarantula or scorpion may stop eating several days or weeks before molting.
Darkening of the abdomen: The abdomen may appear darker or shinier.
Lethargy: The tarantula or scorpion may become less active.
Seclusion: The tarantula or scorpion may spend more time hiding.
Spinning a molting mat: Tarantulas often spin a silken mat on which to molt.

During Molting

Do not disturb the tarantula or scorpion: Avoid handling or moving the animal.
Maintain humidity: Ensure that the humidity is high enough to prevent the exoskeleton from drying out.
Remove uneaten prey: Live prey can harm the defenseless animal during molting.

After Molting

Do not feed the tarantula or scorpion immediately: Wait several days to allow the exoskeleton to harden.
Remove the old exoskeleton: Once the tarantula or scorpion has hardened, you can remove the old exoskeleton from the enclosure. This can be used to identify sex.

Health and Common Problems

Tarantulas and scorpions are generally hardy creatures, but they can be susceptible to certain health problems.

Dehydration

Dehydration can occur if the humidity is too low or if the tarantula or scorpion does not have access to water. Signs of dehydration include lethargy, shrunken abdomen, and difficulty molting. To prevent dehydration, maintain the correct humidity levels and provide a shallow water dish.

Mites

Mites are tiny parasites that can infest tarantulas and scorpions. They can be difficult to see with the naked eye. Signs of mite infestation include excessive grooming, white or red spots on the body, and lethargy. Mites can be treated with commercial mite sprays designed for reptiles and invertebrates, or by increasing ventilation and reducing humidity. Introducing beneficial mites (predatory mites) can also help control mite populations. Consult a veterinarian specializing in exotic pets for the best treatment options.

Fungal Infections

Fungal infections can occur if the enclosure is too humid or if the tarantula or scorpion is injured. Signs of fungal infection include white or gray patches on the body. Fungal infections can be treated with antifungal medications prescribed by a veterinarian.

Injuries

Injuries can occur if the tarantula or scorpion falls or is attacked by prey. Treat minor injuries with antiseptic solutions. Seek veterinary care for more serious injuries.

Dyskinetesis/"Twirling Syndrome"

Dyskinetesis, sometimes referred to as "twirling syndrome," is a poorly understood neurological condition that can affect tarantulas. It manifests as involuntary movements, such as twitching, circling, and difficulty coordinating their limbs. The exact cause is unknown, and treatment options are limited. Some keepers have reported success with adjusting environmental factors, such as temperature and humidity, while others believe it may be related to certain toxins or nutritional deficiencies. Consult a veterinarian specializing in exotic pets for guidance.

Legal and Ethical Considerations

Before acquiring a tarantula or scorpion, research the laws and regulations in your area regarding exotic pet ownership. Some species may be prohibited or require permits. It is also important to consider the ethical implications of keeping these animals. Ensure that you are able to provide the appropriate care and habitat for the species you are keeping. Avoid purchasing animals that have been illegally collected from the wild. Support breeders and retailers who prioritize the health and welfare of their animals.

Global Perspective: Laws regarding exotic animal ownership vary drastically. For example, in some parts of Australia, it is illegal to keep any arachnids as pets. In contrast, some European countries have more lenient regulations, but may require permits for certain venomous species. Always check your local regulations before acquiring any exotic pet.

Breeding (Advanced)

Breeding tarantulas and scorpions is an advanced topic that requires significant knowledge and experience. Before attempting to breed these animals, research the specific requirements of the species you are working with. Breeding can be challenging and time-consuming, and it is important to be prepared to care for the offspring.

Tarantula Breeding

Sexing: Determining the sex of tarantulas can be challenging, especially in juveniles. Mature males typically have tibial hooks (spurs on the front legs) and enlarged pedipalps. Females lack these features. Examining a shed exoskeleton can also help determine the sex.
Mating: Introduce the male to the female's enclosure under close supervision. The male will perform a courtship dance to attract the female. If the female is receptive, she will allow the male to insert his pedipalps into her epigynum (genital opening).
Eggsack: After mating, the female will create an eggsack and guard it fiercely. The incubation period varies depending on the species.
Spiderlings: Once the spiderlings hatch, they can be raised in individual containers or communally.

Scorpion Breeding

Sexing: Male and female scorpions can be distinguished by the size and shape of their pectines (sensory organs on the underside of the abdomen).
Mating: Scorpion mating rituals are complex and can be dangerous. The male will grasp the female's pincers and lead her in a dance. He will then deposit a spermatophore (sperm packet) on the ground, which the female will pick up with her genital operculum.
Gestation: Female scorpions are viviparous, meaning they give birth to live young. The gestation period varies depending on the species.
Scorplings: The scorplings will ride on their mother's back for several weeks until they molt for the first time.

Resources and Further Reading

There are many resources available to help you learn more about tarantula and scorpion keeping. Online forums, books, and experienced keepers can provide valuable information and support.

Online Forums: Arachnoboards, Tom Moran's Tarantulas
Books: "The Tarantula Keeper's Guide" by Stanley A. Schultz and Marguerite J. Schultz, "Keeping and Breeding Arachnids" by Harald Meier

Conclusion

Keeping tarantulas and scorpions can be a rewarding and educational experience. By providing the appropriate care and habitat, you can ensure the health and well-being of these fascinating creatures. Remember to research the specific requirements of the species you are keeping and to prioritize their welfare. Always be respectful of these animals and their natural environment. With dedication and responsible practices, you can enjoy the wonders of the arachnid world for years to come.